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Managing Expectations, Demands and Myths: Swedish Study Associations Caught Between Civil Society, the State and the Market

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Abstract

Several challenges, external and internal, to the identity and position of civil society organizations exist today. Organizations may be tempted or coerced into closer cooperation with the state. There are also incentives to become more market oriented. This article deals with such struggles in Swedish study associations and how these organizations attempt to gain legitimacy. The tradition of the organization is an important legitimating aspect and so is efficiency. These two aspects can complement each other but may also collide. The article demonstrates how civil society organizations handle an influx of market logics and trends of professionalization when these clash with a civil society identity. The findings indicate that different isomorphic processes are at work. Cultural resources are used to handle conflicting myths, leading to varied discursive strategies and incidences of decoupling.

Résumé

Il existe aujourd’hui différents défis, d’ordre externe et interne, auxquels l’identité et la position des organisations de la société civile doivent faire face. Les organisations peuvent être tentées ou forcées de s’engager dans une coopération plus étroite avec l’état. Le fait de devenir plus axé sur le marché présente aussi ses avantages. Cet article traite de ces conflits dans les associations d’une étude suédoise et la manière dont ces organisations s’efforcent d’obtenir une légitimité. La tradition de l’organisation est un aspect légitimant important tout comme son efficacité. Ces deux aspects peuvent se compléter l’un l’autre mais également entrer en conflit. Cet article expose comment les organisations de la société civile traitent un afflux de logiques et tendances commerciales de professionnalisation lorsque ces dernières se heurtent à une identité de société civile. Les constatations indiquent que différents processus isomorphiques sont à l’œuvre. Les ressources culturelles sont utilisées pour traiter les mythes conflictuels, conduisant à une variété de stratégies discursives et d’incidences du découplage.

Zusammenfassung

Bürgergesellschaftsorganisationen werden heutzutage mit mehreren externen und internen Problemen hinsichtlich ihrer Identität und Stellung konfrontiert. Organisationen mögen versucht oder gezwungen sein, enger mit dem Staat zusammenzuarbeiten. Es gibt zudem Anreize, sich mehr am Markt zu orientieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet diese Auseinandersetzungen in schwedischen Studienvereinigungen und untersucht, wie diese Organisationen versuchen, Legitimität zu erreichen. Die Tradition ebenso wie die Effizienz der Organisation sind wichtige Legitimitätsaspekte. Diese beiden Aspekte können sich gegenseitig ergänzen, aber auch miteinander kollidieren. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie Bürgergesellschaftsorganisationen bei einem Zustrom von Marktlogiken und Professionalisierungstrends verfahren, wenn diese nicht zur Identität einer Bürgergesellschaft passen. Die Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, dass unterschiedliche isomorphische Prozesse im Gange sind. Kulturelle Ressourcen werden genutzt, um widersprüchliche Mythen handzuhaben, was zu verschiedenen abschweifenden Strategien und Entkopplungen führt.

Resumen

Existen en la actualidad varios retos, externos e internos, a la identidad y la posición de la sociedad civil. Las organizaciones pueden verse tentadas u obligadas a una cooperación más estrecha con el estado. También existen incentivos para estar más orientadas al mercado. Este artículo trata de dichos esfuerzos en las asociaciones de estudios suecas y cómo estas organizaciones tratan de ganar legitimidad. La tradición de la organización es un aspecto legitimador importante y también lo es la eficiencia. Estos dos aspectos pueden complementarse mutuamente pero también pueden entrar en colisión. El artículo demuestra cómo las organizaciones de la sociedad civil manejan un influjo de lógica de mercado y tendencias de profesionalización cuando éstas chocan con la identidad de una sociedad civil. Los hallazgos indican que intervienen diferentes procesos isomórficos. Se utilizan recursos culturales para manejar mitos en conflicto, llevando a estrategias discursivas e incidencias de desacoplamiento variadas.

摘要

如今,对于公民社会机构的身份和定位,存在外部和内部的多种挑战。这些机构可能被迫或被吸引而与国家政府建立更为紧密的合作关系。还有些激励因素也容易把这些机构推向市场化。本文以瑞典的一些研究协会为研究对象,分析了它们如何尝试获得自身合理性。机构的传统是其合理性的重要方面,运行效率也是一个因素。这两个方面可以互补,但也可能会互相冲突。当市场化理念和专业化趋势与公民社会身份相冲突时,公民社会机构是如何应对的呢?本文进行了论述。研究结果显示了有不同的同形流程在发挥作用。文化资源被用以解决冲突难题,引申出各种推论性策略并导致分离的发生。

ملخص

تحديات عديدة ، داخلية وخارجية، للهوية وموقف منظمات المجتمع المدني موجودة اليوم. المنظمات قد تميل أو بالإكراه على توثيق التعاون مع الدولة. هناك أيضا حوافز لتصبح أكثر توجها˝ نحو السوق. يتناول هذا المقال هذا الكفاح في هذه الجمعيات في الدراسة السويدية وكيف تحاول هذه المنظمات أن تكسب الشرعية. تقاليد المنظمة هو جانب هام للشرعية وكذلك الكفاءة. يمكن لهذين الجانبين أن يكمل كل منهما الآخر ولكن قد تصطدم أيضا˝. المقالة تبرهن كيف تتعامل منظمات المجتمع المدني مع تدفق منطق السوق و إتجاهات الإحتراف عندما تشتبك هذه مع هوية المجتمع المدني. تشير النتائج إلى أن عمليات تماثلية مختلفة في العمل. تستخدم الموارد الثقافية للتعامل مع الخرافات المتعارضة، مما يؤدي إلى إستراتيجيات متنوعة وإستطرادية لحالات الإنفصال.

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Notes

  1. However, to what extent such a distinct character exists outside a rhetorical level is debated. Sundgren (2003) claims that the distinct character of folkbildning is a social and rhetorical construction without empirical foundation. The discussion of distinctiveness is rather a legitimating tool.

  2. Ibn Rushd was approved as an independent study association in 2007. Yet another study association, Kulturens bildningsverksamhet, was approved in 2010, but that development is beyond the scope of this study.

  3. IOGT-NTO is part of the international organization IOGT (International Organization of Good Templars).

  4. A drastic decline actually took place earlier. At the peak, in the 1950s, there were 964 local ABF organizations. However, this decline coincided with major changes in the Swedish political-administrative map. Municipalities merged and went from 2,500 to <300 in roughly two decades.

  5. This does not primarily concern professionalization tendencies coming from the teachers but rather professionalization concerning administration and ‘business’.

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Acknowledgements

The article is part of the production from a larger research project and I especially wish to thank my colleague Th.D. Johan von Essen for the joint work leading up to this article. I also owe a debt of gratitude for the funding made available by the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Council of Adult Education.

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Correspondence to Pelle Åberg.

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Åberg, P. Managing Expectations, Demands and Myths: Swedish Study Associations Caught Between Civil Society, the State and the Market. Voluntas 24, 537–558 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9271-3

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