Abstract
Background
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have increased risk of falls and fall-related complications. Other than aging and factors related to chronic kidney disease, treatment of hemodialysis may also contribute to this increased risk. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the impairment of balance after a session of hemodialysis with a quantitative assessment and reveal an increased fall risk that would possibly be related to treatment of hemodialysis for patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
Methods
Fifty-six patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis program and 53 healthy individuals were involved in this study. Fall Index percentages were calculated, and fall risk categories were determined for all patients and healthy controls using Tetrax posturography device (Sunlight Medical Ltd Israel). The patient group was evaluated twice for balance, before and after a routine session of hemodialysis.
Results
Fall Index scores of healthy controls were lower than that of ESRD patients (p = 0.001). In the patient group, we found the mean Fall Index to be significantly higher at the post-dialysis assessment compared to the pre-dialysis assessment (p = 0.003). The number of patients with high risk of falling also increased at the post-dialysis assessment yet the difference did not reach significance. Fall Index was correlated with the increase in age only at the pre-dialysis balance measurement (p = 0.038). Patients with better dialysis adequacy had significantly lower Fall Index scores than the others at the pre-dialysis balance measurement (p = 0.004). The difference was not significant at the post-dialysis measurement.
Conclusions
In the current study, we evaluated the balance of ESRD patients before and after a routine session of hemodialysis treatment. This is the first study to investigate the effect of hemodialysis on balance, using an electronic posturographic balance system. We found the Fall Index score to be significantly higher after hemodialysis, indicating a negative effect of hemodialysis on postural stability. As expected, our data showed an increased Fall Index score correlated with the increase in age both in ESRD patients and in healthy controls. However, the correlation with age was not observed for the patient group at the post-dialysis balance measurement. We might conceive that young patients with ESRD are also prone to fall risk after a session of hemodialysis. Methods that provide quantitative assessment for fall risk could be rather beneficial for high-risk populations such as patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Stack AG, Molony DA, Rives T et al (2005) Association of physical activity with mortality in the US dialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 45:690–701
Painter P, Marcus RL (2013) Assessing physical function and physical activity in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8(5):861–872
Soangra R, Lockhart TE, Lach J et al (2013) Effects of hemodialysis therapy on sit-to-walk characteristics in end stage renal disease patients. Ann Biomed Eng 41(4):795–805
Mittalhenkle A, Gillen DL, Stehman-Breen CO (2004) Increased risk of mortality associated with hip fracture in the dialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 44(4):672–679
Roberts RG, Kenny RA, Brierley EJ (2003) Are elderly haemodialysis patients at risk of falls and postural hypotension? Int Urol Nephrol 35(3):415–421
Sims RJ, Taylor R, Masud T et al (2007) The effect of a single haemodialysis session on functional mobility in older adults: a pilot study. Int Urol Nephrol 39(4):1287–1293
Kohen-Raz R (1991) Application of tetra-ataxiametric posturography in clinical and developmental diagnosis. Percept Mot Skills 73(2):635–656
Lord SR, Menz HB, Tiedemann A (2003) A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention. Phys Ther 83(3):237–252
National Kidney Foundation Hemodialysis Adequacy (2015) Work group KDOQI clinical practice guideline for hemodialysis adequacy: 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis 66(5):884–930
Delgado C, Johansen KL (2010) Deficient counseling on physical activity among nephrologists. Nephron Clin Pract 116(4):330–336
Desmet C, Beguin C, Swine C et al (2005) Falls in hemodialysis patients: prospective study of incidence, risk factors, and complications. Am J Kidney Dis 45(1):148–153
Cook WL, Tomlinson G, Donaldson M et al (2006) Falls and fall-related injuries in older dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1(6):1197–1204
Alem AM, Sherrard DJ, Gillen DL et al (2000) Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 58:396–399
Lockhart TE, Barth AT, Zhang X et al (2010) Portable, non-invasive fall risk assessment in end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact. doi:10.1145/1921081.1921092
Abdel-Rahman EM, Turgut F, Turkmen K et al (2011) Falls in elderly hemodialysis patients. QJM 104(10):829–838
Güler S, Bir LS, Akdag B et al (2012) The effect of pramipexole therapy on balance disorder and fall risk in Parkinson’s disease at early stage: clinical and posturographic assessment. ISRN Neurol 2012:320607
Scott V, Votova K, Scanlan A et al (2007) Multifactorial and functional mobility assessment tools for fall risk among older adults in community, home-support, long-term and acute care settings. Age Ageing 36(2):130–139
Lord SR, Sambrook PN, Gilbert C et al (1994) Postural stability, falls and fractures in the elderly: results from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Med J Aust 160(11):684–685
Johansen K, Doyle J, Sakkas G et al (2005) Neural and metabolic mechanisms of excessive muscle fatigue in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289(3):805–813
Thompson CH, Kemp GJ, Taylor DJ et al (1993) Effect of chronic uraemia on skeletal muscle metabolism in man. Nephrol Dial Transpl 8(3):218–222
Anastasopoulos D, Kefaliakos A, Michalopoulos A (2011) Is plasma calcium concentration implicated in the development of critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy? Crit Care 15(5):R247
Annweiler C, Montero-Odasso M, Schott AM et al (2010) Fall prevention and vitamin D in the elderly: an overview of the key role of the non-bone effects. J Neuroeng Rehabil 7:50
Halfon M, Phan O, Teta D (2015) Vitamin D: a review on its effects on muscle strength, the risk of fall, and frailty. Biomed Res Int 2015:953241
Gallagher JC, Rapuri P, Smith L (2007) Falls are associated with decreased renal function and insufficient calcitriol production by the kidney. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:610–613
Penninx BW, Pahor M, Cesari M, Woodman RC, Bandinelli S et al (2004) Anemia is associated with disability and decreased physical performance and muscle strength in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:719–724
Bennett L (2013) Patient independence in chronic kidney disease and anaemia: implications of the 2012 KDIGO guideline. J Ren Care 39(2):108–117
Coyne DW (2014) The KDOQI US commentary on KDIGO anemia guideline and quality of life. Am J Kidney Dis 63(3):540
Thompson CH, Kemp GJ, Taylor DJ, Ledingham JG, Radda GK, Rajagopalan B (1993) Effect of chronic uraemia on skeletal muscle metabolism in man. Nephrol Dial Transpl 8:218–222
Workgroup KD (2005) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45(Suppl 3):S1–S153
Rocha A, Sousa C, Teles P et al (2015) Frequency of intradialytic hypotensive episodes: old problem, new insights. J Am Soc Hypertens 9(10):763–768
Farragher J, Rajan T, Chiu E et al (2016) Equivalent fall risk in elderly patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 36(1):67–70
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Informed consent
Human patients and healthy controls were tested, and the study was carried out with the informed consent from all participants.
Animal and human rights
The study did not involve any animal experiments or animal samples.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Erken, E., Ozelsancak, R., Sahin, S. et al. The effect of hemodialysis on balance measurements and risk of fall. Int Urol Nephrol 48, 1705–1711 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-016-1388-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-016-1388-7