Abstract
A ciliate protozoa suppression can reduce methane production increasing the energy efficiency utilization by ruminants. The physicochemical characteristics of rumen fluid and the profile of the rumen protozoa populations were evaluated for sheep fed banana leaf hay in replacement of the Cynodon dactylon cv. vaqueiro hay. A total of 30 male sheep were raised in intensive system during 15 days of adaptation and 63 days of experimental period. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design that included six replicates of five treatments with replacement levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of the grass vaquero for the banana leaf hay. Samples of fluid were collected directly from the rumen with sterile catheters. Color, odor, viscosity, and the methylene blue reduction potential (MBRP) were evaluated and pH estimated using a digital potentiometer. After decimal dilutions, counts of genus protozoa were performed in Sedgewick Rafter chambers. The averages of pH, MBRP, color, odor, and viscosity were not influenced by the inclusion of the banana leaf hay. However, the total number of protozoa and Entodinium spp. population significantly decreased at 75 and 100% inclusions of banana leaf hay as roughage.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AbarghueI, M. J., Rouzbehan, Y. and Alipour, D. 2010. The influence of the grape pomace on the ruminal parameters of sheep. Livestock Science, 132:73–79.
Aerts, R. J., McNabb W. C., Molan, A., Brand, A., Barry, T. N. and Peters, J. S. 1999. Condensed tannins from and exert different effect on the rumen degradation of ribulose-1,5- bisphosfhate carboxilase/oxygenase (Rubisco) protein. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79:79–85.
Alvares, C.A., Stape, J.L., Sentelhas, P.C., Gonçalves, J.L.M.; Sparovek, G., 2013. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift.
Archimède, H., González-García, E., Despois, P., Etienne, T and Alexandre, G. 2010. Substitution of corn and soybean with green banana fruits and Gliricidia sepium forage in sheep fed hay-based diets: effects on intake digestion and growth. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 94:118–28.
Barneveld, S. L. 1999. Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related to variability in energy and amino acid availability in ruminants: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50:650–660.
Barry, T. N. and McNabb, W. C. 1999. The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition, 81:263–272.
Brandes, D. and Freitas, E. A. G. 1992. Taninos condensados – uma ferramenta para melhorar o desempenho de ruminantes. Agropecuária Catarinense, 5:44–48.
Capelle, E. R., Valadares Filho, S. C., Silva, J. F. C. and Cecon, P. R. 2001. Estimativa do valor energético a partir de características químicas e bromatológicas dos alimentos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30:1837–1856.
D’Agosto, M. and Carneiro, M. E. 1999. Evaluation of lugol solution used for counting rumen ciliates. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16:725–729.
Dehority, B. A. 1984. Evaluation of subsampling and fixation procedures used for counting rumen protozoa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 48:182–185.
Dehority, B. A. 1993. Laboratory manual for classification and morphology of rumen ciliate protozoa. CRC Press. Boca Raton.
Dehority, B. A. and Odenyo, A. A. 2003. Influence of diet on the rumen protozoal fauna of indigenous african wild ruminants. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 50:220–223.
Detmann, E., Souza, M. A. and Valadares Filho, S. C. 2012. Métodos para Análise de Alimentos - INCT - Ciência Animal. Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais. 214p.
Dirksen G., 1993. Sistema digestivo. In Rosenberger: Exame clínico dos bovines (ed. G Dirksen, HD Grunder, M Stöber), pp. 166–169. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro.
Göçmen, B., Dehority, B. A., Talu, G. H. and Rastgeldy, S. 2001. The rumen ciliate fauna of domestic sheep (Ovis ammon aires) from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 48:455–459.
Guyader J., Eugene M., Noziere P., Morgavi D. P., Doreau M., Martin C. 2014. Influence of rumen protozoa on methane emission in ruminants: a meta-analysis approach. Animal, 8: 1816–1825.
Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., 2016. Banana leaves and pseudostems. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/686 Last updated on March 25, 2016, 11:24.
Hiermann, A., Kartnig, T. H. and Azzam, S. 1986. Ein Beitrag zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Procyanidine in Crataegus. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 54:331–337.
Hristov, A., Ivan, M., Neill, L. and MCallister, T. 2003. Evaluation of several potential bioactive agents for reducing protozoal activity in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 105:163–184.
Kamra, D. N. 2005. Rumen microbial ecosystem, Current Science, 89:125–135.
Kozloski, G. V. 2002. Bioquímica dos ruminantes. Santa Maria: UFSM, Brazil. 140p.
Lunsin, R., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C. and Navanukraw, C. 2010. Effects of pelleted cassava chip and raw banana (cass-bann) on rumen fermentation and utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9:2239–2245.
Mackie, R. I. 2002. Mutualistic fermentative digestion in the gastrointestinal tract: diversity and evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42:319–326.
Makkar, H. P. S., Blummel, M. and Becker, K. 1995. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and tannins, and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. British Journal of Nutrition, 73:897–913.
Marie-Magdeleine, C., Udino, L., Philibert, L., Bocage, B. and Archimede, H. 2014. In vitro effects of Musa paradisiaca extracts on four developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus. Research in Veterinary Science, 96:127–132.
Martin, C., Morgavi, D. P. and Doreau, M. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. Animal, 4:351–365.
Martinele, I., Santos, G. R. A., Matos, D. S., Batista, A. M. V. and D’Agosto, M. 2008. População de protozoários de ovinos mestiços mantidos em pastagens naturais de caatinga. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 9:280–292.
Matos, D. S., Guim, A., Batista, Â. M. V., Santos, M. V. F., Correa, I. M., Santos, G. R. A. and Lopes, C. R. A. 2008. População de protozoários ciliados no rúmen de ovinos criados na caatinga de Pernambuco. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 9:270–279.
National Research Council (NRC), 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids and new world camelids, 6th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, District of Columbia.
Newbold, C. J., de la Fuente, G., Belanche, A., Ramos-Morales, E., & McEwan, N. R. (2015). The role of ciliate protozoa in the rumen. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1313. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01313
Nunes, H., Zanine, A. M., Machado, T. M. M. and Carvalho, F. C. 2007. Alimentos alternativos na dieta dos ovinos: Uma revisão. Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 15:147–158.
Ogimoto, K. and Imai, S. Atlas of rumen microbiology. 1981. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies. 231p.
Patra, A. K. and Saxena, J. 2011. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91:24–37.
Raghuvansi, S. K. S., Tripathi, M. K., Mishr, A. S., Chaturvedi, O. H.; Prasad, R., Saraswat, B. L. and Jakhmola, R. C. 2007. Feed digestion, rumen fermentation and blood biochemical constituents in Malpura rams fed a complete feed-block diet with the inclusion of tree leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 71:21–30.
Ribeiro, A. C., Ribeiro, S. D. A., Gonçalves Neto, M. C., Antonio, M. S. and Resende, K. T. 2007. Composição bromatológica e degradabilidade in situ de folhas de árvores frutíferas para alimentação de ruminantes. Boletim de Medicina Veterinária, 3:17–23.
Ruiz-Lacaz, R. 1992. Microbiologia zootécnica, Roca: São Paulo, Brasil. pp 123–167.
Sampaio, I. B. M. 1998. Estatística Aplicada à Experimentação Animal. Belo Horizonte. Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 221 p
Williams, A. G. 1986. Rumen holotrich ciliate protozoa. Microbiological Reviews, 50: 25–49.
Yáñez-Ruiz DR, A Moumen, AI Martín García, E Molina Alcaide. 2004. Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on two-stage olive cake: effect of PEG supply. Journal of Animal Science 82, 2023–2032.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Foundation for the State of Minas Gerais Research (FAPEMIG), and the Dean of Research the Federal University of Minas Gerais.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures were in accord with protocol number 05/10 approved in the Ethic Committee in the Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brazil.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Freitas, C.E.S., Duarte, E.R., Alves, D.D. et al. Sheep fed with banana leaf hay reduce ruminal protozoa population. Trop Anim Health Prod 49, 807–812 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1265-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1265-0