Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A systematic review on the microscopic agglutination test seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Latin America

  • Review
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The diagnosis of leptospirosis commonly relies on serology, which has three issues that are referred: the sampling, the antigen panel, and the cutoff point. We propose a systematic review of the bovine leptospirosis in Latin America, in order to provide a better understanding of the evolution of the research and of the seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in that region. Internet databases were consulted over the year of 2014. Inclusion criteria for analysis included serosurvey using microscopic agglutination test (MAT), a relevant number of animals, the presence in the antigen panel of at least one representant of serogroup Sejroe, and a cutoff point of ≥100. A total of 242 articles that referred to cattle, leptospir*, and one region of Latin America was found. Only 105 articles regarding to serosurveys using MAT were found in several countries, and 61 (58.1 %) met all the inclusion criteria. In conclusion, this systematic review demonstrated a high prevalence of the infection (75.0 % at herd level and 44.2 % at animal level), with predominance of strains of serogroup Sejroe (80.3 %). It was evident that there is the necessity of more studies in several countries, as well as the need for greater standardization in studies, especially with regard to the adopted cutoff point at serological tests.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abuchaim, D. M. and Dutra, N. L. F., 1985. Prevalência da leptospirose em bovinos da bacia leiteira de Porto Alegre- RS, Arquivo da Faculdade de Veterinária do Rio Grande do Sul, 13, 55–60.

  • Adler, B. and De La Peña Moctezuma, A, 2010. Leptospira and leptospirosis, Veterinary Microbiology, 140, 287–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar, D. M., Gennari, S. M., Cavalcante, G. T., Labruna, M. B., Vasconcelos, S. A., Rodrigues, A. A. R., Moraes, Z. M. and Camargo, L. M. A., 2006. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in cattle from Monte Negro municipality, western Amazon, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 26(2), 102–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, S. N., Shah, S. and Ahmad, F. M. H., 2005. Laboratory Diagnosis of leptospirosis, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 51, 195–200.

  • Alfaro, C., Aranguren, Y., Clavijo, A., and Díaz, C., 2004. Prevalencia serológica de leptospirosis en ganado doble propósito del noreste de Monagas, Venezuela, Zootecnia Tropical, 22(2),117-124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfaro, C., Clavijo, A., Aranguren, Y., Rolo, M. and Valle, A., 2007. Epidemiología de la leptospirosis en sistemas bovinos doble propósito del estado Monagas. I. Localidad y manejo, Zootecnia Tropical, 25(3), 189–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Araújo, V. E. M., Moreira, E. C., Navega, L. A. B., Silva, J. A. and Contreras, R. L., 2005. Frequency of anti-Leptospira interrogans agglutinins in bovine serum samples in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1980 to 2002. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 57, 430–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barcellos, C. and Sabroza, P. C., 2001. The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 17, S59–S67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caballero, A., Romero, J., Méndez, E. and Torres, A. M., 1989. Estudio serológico para la detección de anticuerpos contra leptospiras en ganado bovino lechero en los municipios de Coacalco, Teoloyucan, Zumpango, Melchor Ocampo y Cuautitlán en el Estado de México, Revista Latino-americana de Microbiologia, 31, 191–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldas, E. M., Tishcenko, L. M., Filho, P. M., Camara, J. Q., Sampaio, M. B., Cunha, J. B. and Santos, M. L., 1977. Aglutininas antileptospira em hemo-soro de animais, Arquivo da Escola de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2, 83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. A. C. P., Freneau, G. E., Juliano, R. S., Acypreste, C. S., Dias Filho, F. C., Martins, M. E., 2006. Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em machos bovinos na microrregião de Goiânia, Ciência Animal Brasileira, 7, 439–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, V., Azevedo, S. S., Gotti, T. B., Batista, C. S. A., Gentili, J., Morais, Z. M., Souza, G. O., Vasconcellos, S. A. and Genovez, M. E., 2008. Soroprevalência da leptospirose em fêmeas bovinas em idade reprodutiva no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 75(1), 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes, L. P., Puebla, M. A., Rosas D. G., Serrania, N. R. and Barranca, J. I. T., 2002. Estudio serológico de leptospirosis bovina en México, Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical, 54(1), 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correa, M. O., Hyakutake, S., Natale, V., Galvão, P. A. A. and Aguiar, H. A., 1965/1967. Estudos sobre a Leptospira Wolffi em São Paulo, Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 25/27, 11–25.

  • Damude, D. F., Jones, C. J. and Myers, D. M., 1979. A study of leptospirosis among animals in Barbados W.I., Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73(2), 161–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dehkordi, J. A., Shahbazkia, H. and Ronagh, N., 2011. Evaluation of pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans in dairy cattle herds of Shahrekord by PCR, Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 3, 135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desvars, A., Cardinale, E., Michault, A., 2011. Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas, Epidemiology and Infection, 139, 167–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doria, J. D. and Santana, E. C., 1976. Aglutininas anti-Leptospira em soros de bovinos no estado da Bahia, Arquivos da Escola de medicina veterinária UFBA, 1(1), 74–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doria, J. D., Viegas, S. A. R. A., Viegas, E. A., Santos, N. M. and Virgens, N. C., 1980. Estudo sorológico sobre a leptospirose em bovinos no estado da Bahia, Arquivos da Escola de medicina veterinária UFBA, 5(1), 123–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, S., Nicholls, M. J., Vallejos F. and Ibata, G., 1981. Leptospirosis in cattle in Bolivia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 13(1), 117–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everard, C. O., Fraser-Chanpong, G. M., James, A. C. and Butcher, L. V., 1985. Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79(6), 859–864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everard, C. O., Cawich, F., Gamble, P. G. and Everard, J. D., 1988. Prevalence of leptospirosis in Belize, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82(3), 495–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO, 2013. World Livestock 2013: Changing disease landscapes. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome).

    Google Scholar 

  • Favero, M., Pinheiro, S. R., Vasconcellos, S. A., Morais, Z. M., Ferreira, F. and Ferreira Neto, J. S., 2001. Leptospirose bovina: variantes sorológicas predominantes em colheitas efetuadas no período de 1984 a 1997 em rebanhos de 21 estados do Brasil, Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 68(2), 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo, A. D. O., Pellegrin, A. O., Gonçalves, V. S. P., Freitas, E. B., Monteiro, L. A. R. C., Oliveira, J. M. and Osório, A. L. A. R., 2009. Prevalência e fatores de risco para a leptospirose em bovinos de Mato Grosso do Sul, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 29(5), 375–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornazari, F., Da Silva, R. C., Richini-Pereira, V. B., Beserra, H. E., Luvizotto, M. C. and Langoni, H., 2012. Comparison of conventional PCR, quantitative PCR, bacteriological culture and the Warthin Starry technique to detect Leptospira spp. in kidney and liver samples from naturally infected sheep from Brazil, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 90, 321–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasca, C. A. C., Lara, L. N., Sanchez, L. O. C., Ortega, J. M. R. R., Ko, A., Palomera, C. L. P. and Null, A., 2011. Detección de Leptospira santarosai y L. kirschneri en bovinos: nuevos aislados con potencial impacto en producción bovina y salud pública, Veterinaria Mexico, 42(4), 277.

  • Giorgi, W., Genovez, M. E., Teruya, J. M. and Silva, A. S., 1984. Leptospira interrogans, sorotipo Wolffi, isolada de camundongo capturado no Porto de Santos, SP, O Biológico, São Paulo, 50(12), 295–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girio, R. J. S. and Mathias, L. A., 1989. Ocorrência de leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos produtores de leite tipo B na região Norte do Estado de São Paulo, Ciências Veterinárias, 3(1), 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, M. A., 2013. Leptospirosis: public health perspectives, Biologicals, 41, 295–297.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guida, V. O., Santa Rosa, C. A., D’apice, M., Correa, M. O. and Natal E. V., 1959. Pesquisa de aglutininas anti-Leptospira no soro de bovinos do estado de São Paulo, Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 26, 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamond, C., Martins, G., Loureiro, A. P., Pestana, C., Lawson-Ferreira, R., Medeiros, M. A. and Lilenbaum, W., 2014. Urinary PCR as an increasingly useful tool for an accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis in livestock, Veterinary Research Communications, 38, 81–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartskeerl, R. A., Collares-Pereira, M. and Ellis, W. A., 2011. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17, 494–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, V. Y., Dias, J. A., Spohr, K. A. H., Silva, M. C. P., Andrade, M. G. B., Muller, E. E. and Freitas, J. C., 2012. Prevalência e fatores de risco associados à Leptospira spp. em rebanhos bovinos da região centro-sul do estado do Paraná, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(2), 99–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Rodríguez, P., Díaz, C. A., Dalmau, E. A. and Quintero, G. M., 2011. A comparison between polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and traditional techniques for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in bovines, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 84, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, G. P., Rodrigues, R. O., Machado, G., Lage, A. P., Moreira, E. C. and Leite, R. C., 2012. Soroprevalência de leptospirose em bovinos nas Mesoregiões Sudeste e Sudoeste do Estado Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, Ciência Animal Brasileira, 13(1), 131–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo, L. J., 1981. Leptospirosis in Tingo María, Huánuco Department, Peru. II. Study in wild animals. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 91(1), 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo, L. J. and Hidalgo, R., 1970. Leptospirosis in cattle and slaughtermen of Tumbes, Peru, Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 68, 297–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo, L. J., Hidalgo, R. and Aznarán, G., 1971. Leptospirosis in animals slaughtered in Chimbote, Peru, 70(5), 429–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, C. B., Uribe, A. O., Tous, M. G. 2013. Seroepidemiology of Leptospirosis in cattle with reproductive disorders from the municipality of Montería, Colombia, Revue de Médicine Vétérinaire, 12(26), 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juliano, R. S., Chaves, N. S. T., Santos, C. A., Ramos, L. S., Santos, H. Q., Meireles, L. R., Gottschalk, S. and Corrêa Filho, R. A. C., 2000. Prevalência e aspectos epidemiológicos da leptospirose bovina em rebanho leiteiro na microrregião de Goiânia – GO, Ciência Rural, 30(5), 857–862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasimanickam, R., Whittier, W. D., Collins, J. C., Currin, J. F., Inman, B., Hall, J. B. and Pelzer, K. D., 2007. A field study of the effects of a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain Hardjobovis vaccine administered with oxytetracycline on reproductive performance in beef cattle, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231, 1709–1714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi, N., Ohnishi, M. and Toyokawa. T., 2011. Diagnosis of acute leptospirosis, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 9(1), 111.

  • Lage, A. P., Leite, R. M. H., Thompson, J. A., Bandeira, D. A., Herrmann, G. P., Moreira, E. C. and Gonçalves, V. S. P., 2007. Serology for Leptospira sp. in cattle of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 74, 185–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langoni, H., Meireles, L. R., Gottschalk, S., Cabral, K. G. and Silva, A. V., 2000. Perfil sorológico da leptospirose bovina em regiões do estado de São Paulo, Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 67(1), 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lara L. L. M. V. Z., 1978. Estudio serologico de leptospirosis en bovinos y cerdos de México, Boletin del centro pan-americano de zoonosis, 78–82.

  • Lau, C. L., Smythe, L. D., Craig, S. B. and Weinstein, P., 2010. Climate change, flooding, urbanization and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire? Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104, 631–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • León, A. G. Z., 2009. Factores de riesgo asociados a leptospirosis en hatos bovinos de Pereira, 2002–2005, Investigaciones andina, l11(19), 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • León, L. L., Garcia, R. C., Diaz, C. O., Valdez, R. B., Carmona, G. C. A. and Velazquez, B. L. G., 2008. Prevalence of Leptospirosis in dairy cattle from small rural production units in Toluca valley, state of Mexico, Animal Biodiversity and Emerging Diseases: Prediction and Prevention, 1149, 292–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levett, P. N., 2004. Leptospirosis: A forgotten zoonosis? Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews, v. 4, 435–448.

  • Levett, P. N., Whitington, C. U. and Camus, E., 1996. Serological survey of leptospirosis in livestock animals in the Lesser Antilles, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 791,369-377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum, W. and Santos, M. R. C., 1995. Leptospirosis in animal reproduction: III. Role of the Hardjo serovar in bovine leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia, 37(2), 87–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum, W. and Santos M. R. C., 1996. Effect of management systems on the prevalence of bovine leptospirosis, Veterinary Records, 138(23), 570–571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum, W. and Souza, G. N., 2003. Factors associated with bovine leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Research in Veterinary Science, 75, 249–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limpias, E. and Marcus, S. J., 1973. Serological survey of leptospirosis in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 75:2, 139–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madruga, C. R., Aycardi, E. and Putt, N., 1980. Frequência de aglutininas anti-Leptospira em bovinos de corte na região Sul de cerrado do Estado de Mato Grosso, Arquivo da Escola de Veterinária do Estado de Minas Gerais, 32(2), 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins, G. and Lilenbaum, W., 2013. The panorama of animal leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, regarding the seroepidemiology of the infection in tropical regions, BMC Veterinary Research, 9, 237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martins, G., Penna, B. and Lilenbaum, W., 2010. Maintenance of Leptospira infection in cattle under tropical conditions, Veterinary Record, 167, 629–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martins, G., Penna, B. and Lilenbaum, W., 2012. Differences between seroreactivity to leptospirosis in dairy and beef cattle from the same herd in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(3), 377–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez, C., Benavides, L., Esquivel, A., Aldama, A., Torres, D., Gavaldón, D., Meléndez, P. and Moles, L., 2013. Pesquisa serológica de Leptospira en roedores silvestres, bovinos, equinos y caninos en el noreste de México, Revista Salud Animal, 35(1), 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. D., Annis, K. M., Lappin, M. R. and Lunn, K. F., 2011. Variability in results of the microscopic agglutination test in dogs with clinical leptospirosis and dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(3), 426–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira, E. C., Silva, J. A., Viana, F. C., Santos, W. L. M., Anselmo, F. P. and Leite, R. C., 1979. Leptospirose bovina. I. Aglutininas anti-leptospiras em soros sanguíneos de bovinos em Minas Gerais, Arquivo da Escola de Veterinária do Estado de Minas Gerais, 31, 375–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mughini-Gras, L., Bonfanti, L., Natale, A., Comin, A., Ferronato, A., La Greca, E., Patregnani, T., Lucchese, L. and Marangon, S., 2014. Application of an integrated outbreak management plan for the control of leptospirosis in dairy cattle herds, Epidemiology and Infection, 142, 1172–1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. M. and Jelambi, F., 1975. Isolation and identification of Leptospira Hardjo from cattle in Argentina, Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 27(1), 63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. M., Ruiz, A. and Applewhaite, L., 1985. Leptospiral agglutinins among cattle in the Republic of Guyana, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 17(4), 239–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolino, R. R., Lopes, L. B., Rodrigues, R. O., Teixeira, J. F. B. and Haddad, J. P. A., 2014. Prevalence and spatial analysis of antileptospiral agglutinins in dairy cattle – Microregion of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 2009/2010, Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 66(3), 648–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa, J. E., Sánchez, A. and Ruiz, I., 2000. Epidemiología de la leptospirosis en una zona andina de producción pecuária, Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 7(5), 325–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OIE. Leptospirosis, 2014. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. World Organization for Animal Health, Paris.

  • Oliveira, S. J., 1977. Presença de aglutininas antileptospira em suínos e bovinos, com e sem sinais de infecção, no Rio Grande do Sul, Boletim IPVDF, 4, 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, A. A., Mota, R. A., Pereira, G. C., Langoni, H., Souza, M. I., Navegantes, W. A. and Sá, M. E., 2001. Seroprevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Garanhuns Municipal District, Pernambuco State, Brazil, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(4), 275–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, F. C. S., Azevedo, S. S., Pinheiro, S. R., Batista, C. S. A., Moraes, Z. M., Souza, G. O., Gonçales, A. P. and Vasconcellos, S. A., 2010. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in cows in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 30, 398–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, T. V., Marinho, D.P., Costa, N. C. and Kligerman, D. C., 2012. Climate variables, living conditions and the health of the population: leptospirosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1996 to 2009, Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 17, 1569–1576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, R. M., Silva, M. L. C. R., Macêdo, M. M. S., Higino, S. S. S., Paulin, L. M., Alves, C. J., Carvalho, M. G. X. and Azevedo, S. S., 2013. Seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis and brucellosis in family farm rural properties in the State of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, Arquivos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, 80(3), 303–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otaka, D. Y., Martins, G., Hamond, C., Penna, B., Medeiros, M. A. and Lilenbaum, W., 2012. Serology and PCR for bovine leptospirosis: herd and individual approaches, Veterinary Record, 170, 338–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peregrine, A. S., Martin, S. W., Hopwood, D. A., Duffield, T. F., Mcewen, B., Hobson, J. C. and Hietala, S. K., 2006. Neospora caninum and Leptospira serovar serostatus in dairy cattle in Ontario, Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 467–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picardeau, M, 2013. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 43, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pimenta, C. L. R. M., Castro, V., Clementino, I. J., Alves, C. J., Fernandes, L. G., Brasil, A. W. L., Santos, C. S.A.B. and Azevedo, S. S., 2014. Bovine leptospirosis in Paraíba State: prevalence and risk factors associated with the occurrence of positive herds, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 34(4), 332–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, P. S., Loureiro, A. P., Penna, B. and Lilenbaum, W., 2015. Usage of Leptospira spp. local strains as antigens increases the sensitivity of the serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis, Acta Tropica, 149, 163–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riedemann, S., Leal, H. and Zamora, J., 1986. Diagnóstico serológico de leptospirosis bovina en cuatro regiones de Chile, Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 18, 129–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, C. G., Müller, E. E. and Freitas, J. C., 1999. Bovine leptospirosis: serology at dairy farms in Londrina region, Paraná state, Brazil, Ciência Rural, 29(2), 309–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado, M., Otto, B., Sandoval, E., Reinhardt, G. and Boqvist, S. A., 2014. Cross sectional observational study to estimate herd level risk factors for Leptospira spp. serovars in small holder dairy cattle farms in southern Chile, BMC Veterinary Research, 10, 126.

  • Santa Rosa, C. A., Sulzer, C. R., De Castro, A. F. P., Yanaguita, R. M. and Giorgi, W., 1980. Two new leptospiral serovars in the Hebdomadis group isolated from cattle in Brazil, The International Journal of Zoonoses, 7, 158–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarmento, A. M. C., Azevedo, S. S., Morais, Z. M., Souza, G. O., Oliveira, F. C. S., Gonçales, A. P., Miraglia, F. and Vasconcellos, S. A., 2012. Use of Leptospira spp. strains isolated in Brazil in the microscopic agglutination test applied to diagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle herds in eight Brazilian states, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32, 601–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoonman, L. and Swai, E. S., 2010. Herd and animal level risk factors for bovine leptospirosis in Tanga región of Tanzania, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1565–1572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segura-Correa, V. M. Solis-Calderon, J. J. and Segura-Correa, J. C., 2003. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for leptospiral antibodies among cattle in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 35(4), 293–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, F. J., Conceição, W. L. F., Fagliari, J. J., Girio, R. J. S., Dias, R. A., Borba, M. R. B. and Mathias, L. A., 2012. Prevalence and risk factors of bovine leptospirosis in the State of Maranhão, Brazil, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(4), 303–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suepaul, S. M., Carrington, C. V., Campbell, M. and Borde, G., Adesiyun A. A., 2011. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in livestock in Trinidad, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43, 367–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suwancharoen, D., Chaisakdanugull, Y., Thanapongtharm, W. and Yoshida, S., 2013. Serological survey of leptospirosis in livestock in Thailand, Epidemiology and Infection, 141(11), 2269–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, J. E., Hartmann, K., Lunn, K. F., Moore, G. E., Stoddard, R. A. and Goldstein, R. E., 2011. Small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(1), 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. A., Leite, M. H. R., Goncalves, V. S., Leite, R. C., Bandeira, D. A., Herrmann, G. P., Moreira, E. C., Prado, P. E., Lobato, Z. I., Brito, C. P. and Lage, A. P., 2006. Spatial hierarchical variances and age covariances for seroprevalence to Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo, BoHV-1 and BVDV for cattle in the state of Paraiba, Brazil, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 76, 290–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Balen, J., Hoest, S. A., D’Pool, G., Gil, M., Escalona, F., Díaz, D., 2009. Análisis retrospectivo de las pruebas diagnósticas de leptospirosis bovina procesadas en la unidad de investigación y diagnóstico de leptospirosis de la Universidad del Zulia, 1998–2001, Revista Científica, 19(6), 598–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasconcellos, S. A., Oliveira, J. C. F., Moraes, Z. M., Baruselli, P. S., Amaral, R., Pinheiro, S. R., Ferreira, F., Ferreira Neto, J. S., Schouberg, A. and Hartskeerl, R. A., 2001. Isolation of Leptospira santarosai, serovar Guaricura from Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Vale do Ribeiro, São Paulo, Brazil, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 298–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, A. K., Kumar, A., Dhama, K., Deb, R., Rahal, A., Mahima, Chakraborty, S., 2012. Leptospirosis-persistence of a dilemma: an overview with particular emphasis on trends and recent advances in vaccines and vaccination strategies, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 15, 954–963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO, 2010. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. World Health Organization.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful for Dr. G. Martins and L. Correia (UFF) for their help during the selection and analysis of the papers. WL is a CNPq fellow, and PSP is a CAPES fellow.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Priscila da Silva Pinto, Hugo Libonati, Bruno Penna & Walter Lilenbaum

Authors
  1. Priscila da Silva Pinto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hugo Libonati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bruno Penna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Walter Lilenbaum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Walter Lilenbaum.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

da Silva Pinto, P., Libonati, H., Penna, B. et al. A systematic review on the microscopic agglutination test seroepidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Latin America. Trop Anim Health Prod 48, 239–248 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0954-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0954-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation