Abstract
Over the past several decades, orbital observations of lofted dust have revealed the importance of mineral aerosols as a climate forcing mechanism on both Earth and Mars. Increasingly detailed and diverse data sets have provided an ever-improving understanding of dust sources, transport pathways, and sinks on both planets, but the role of dust in modulating atmospheric processes is complex and not always well understood. We present a review of orbital observations of entrained dust on Earth and Mars, particularly that produced by the dust-laden structures produced by daytime convective turbulence called “dust devils”. On Earth, dust devils are thought to contribute only a small fraction of the atmospheric dust budget; accordingly, there are not yet any published accounts of their occurrence from orbit. In contrast, dust devils on Mars are thought to account for several tens of percent of the planet’s atmospheric dust budget; the literature regarding martian dust devils is quite rich. Because terrestrial dust devils may temporarily contribute significantly to local dust loading and lowered air quality, we suggest that martian dust devil studies may inform future studies of convectively-lofted dust on Earth.
As on Earth, martian dust devils form most commonly when the insolation reaches its daily and seasonal peak and where a source of loose dust is plentiful. However this pattern is modulated by variations in weather, albedo, or topography, which produce turbulence that can either enhance or suppress dust devil formation. For reasons not well understood, when measured from orbit, martian dust devil characteristics (dimensions, and translational and rotational speeds) are often much larger than those measured from the ground on both Earth and Mars. Studies connecting orbital observations to those from the surface are needed to bridge this gap in understanding. Martian dust devils have been used to remotely probe conditions in the PBL (e.g., CBL depth, wind velocity); the same could be done in remote locations on Earth. Finally, martian dust devils appear to play a major role in the dust cycle, waxing and waning in relative importance and spatial patterns of occurrence with the planet’s orbital state. Orbital studies of terrestrial dust devils would provide a basis for comparative planetology that would broaden the understanding of these dusty vortices on both planets.
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Abbreviations
- ADEOS:
-
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
- AOT:
-
aerosol optical thickness
- ASTER:
-
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Spectrometer
- AVHRR:
-
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
- CALIOP:
-
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization
- CALIPSO:
-
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations
- CBL:
-
convective boundary layer
- CTX:
-
Context Camera
- DD:
-
dust devil
- DOD:
-
dust optical depth
- DOT:
-
dust optical thickness
- EPF:
-
emission phase function
- EY:
-
Earth year
- FOV:
-
field of view
- GCM:
-
global circulation model
- GLAS:
-
Geoscience Laser Altimeter System
- GLI:
-
Global Imager
- GOCART:
-
Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport
- HiRISE:
-
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment
- HRSC:
-
High Resolution Stereo Camera
- ICESat:
-
Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite
- IR:
-
infrared
- IRIS:
-
Infrared Interferometric Spectrometer
- IRTM:
-
Infrared Thermal Mapper
- LITE:
-
Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment
- LW:
-
long wave
- MARCI:
-
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager
- MCS:
-
Mars Climate Sounder
- MEX:
-
Mars Express
- MGS:
-
Mars Global Surveyor
- MOC NA:
-
Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle
- MOC WA:
-
Mars Orbiter Camera Wide Angle
- MODIS:
-
Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer
- MOLA:
-
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
- MRO:
-
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
- MSG:
-
Meteosat Second Generation
- MSL:
-
Mars Science Laboratory Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer
- MY:
-
Mars Year
- MVIRI:
-
Meteosat Visible Infra-Red Imager
- NOAA:
-
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- ODY:
-
Mars Odyssey
- PBL:
-
planetary boundary layer
- POLDER:
-
Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances
- PSD:
-
particle size distribution
- SeaWiFS:
-
Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor
- SRC:
-
Super-resolution Camera
- SEVIRI:
-
Spinning Enhanced Visible Infra-Red Imager
- SPICAM:
-
Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars
- SW:
-
short wave
- TES:
-
Thermal Emission Spectrometer
- THEMIS IR:
-
Thermal Emission Imaging System, Infrared camera
- THEMIS VIS:
-
THEMIS Visible camera
- TIROS:
-
Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite
- UV:
-
ultraviolet
- VCS-MA:
-
Vidicon Camera System—Medium Angle
- VIS: TOMS:
-
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Visual Imaging Subsystems
- VL1:
-
Viking Lander 1
- VL2:
-
Viking Lander 2
- VO1:
-
Viking Orbiter 1
- VO2:
-
Viking Orbiter 2
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Fenton, L., Reiss, D., Lemmon, M. et al. Orbital Observations of Dust Lofted by Daytime Convective Turbulence. Space Sci Rev 203, 89–142 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0243-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0243-6