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Solar Fine-Scale Structures. I. Spicules and Other Small-Scale, Jet-Like Events at the Chromospheric Level: Observations and Physical Parameters

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Abstract

Over the last two decades the uninterrupted, high resolution observations of the Sun, from the excellent range of telescopes aboard many spacecraft complemented with observations from sophisticated ground-based telescopes have opened up a new world producing significantly more complete information on the physical conditions of the solar atmosphere than before. The interface between the lower solar atmosphere where energy is generated by subsurface convection and the corona comprises the chromosphere, which is dominated by jet-like, dynamic structures, called mottles when found in quiet regions, fibrils when found in active regions and spicules when observed at the solar limb. Recently, space observations with Hinode have led to the suggestion that there should exist two different types of spicules called Type I and Type II which have different properties. Ground-based observations in the Ca ii H and K filtergrams reveal the existence of long, thin emission features called straws in observations close to the limb, and a class of short-lived events called rapid blue-shifted excursions characterized by large Doppler shifts that appear only in the blue wing of the Ca ii infrared line. It has been suggested that the key to understanding how the solar plasma is accelerated and heated may well be found in the studies of these jet-like, dynamic events. However, while these structures are observed and studied for more than 130 years in the visible, but also in the UV and EUV emission lines and continua, there are still many questions to be answered. Thus, despite their importance and a multitude of observations performed and theoretical models proposed, questions regarding their origin, how they are formed, their physical parameters, their association with the underlying photospheric magnetic field, how they appear in the different spectral lines, and the interrelationship between structures observed in quiet and active regions on the disk and at the limb, as well as their role in global processes has not yet received definitive answers. In addition, how they affect the coronal heating and solar wind need to be further explored. In this review we present observations and physical properties of small-scale jet-like chromospheric events observed in active and quiet regions, on the disk and at the limb and discuss their interrelationship.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland, for the hospitality provided to the members of the team on “Solar small-scale transient phenomena and their role in coronal heating”, as well as the members of the team for fruitful discussions. We also acknowledge the remarks and suggestions made by the two referees which helped to improve the paper.

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  1. M. S. Madjarska

    Present address: UCL-Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufos, 15236, P. Penteli, Greece

    G. Tsiropoula, K. Tziotziou & I. Kontogiannis

  2. Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh, BT61 9DG, UK

    M. S. Madjarska & J. G. Doyle

  3. Hinode Science Center, National Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, 181-8588, Tokyo, Japan

    Y. Suematsu

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Tsiropoula, G., Tziotziou, K., Kontogiannis, I. et al. Solar Fine-Scale Structures. I. Spicules and Other Small-Scale, Jet-Like Events at the Chromospheric Level: Observations and Physical Parameters. Space Sci Rev 169, 181–244 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9920-2

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