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Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy of the Lower Solar Atmosphere During Solar Flares (Invited Review)

  • Solar and Stellar Flares
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Abstract

The extreme ultra-violet (EUV) portion of the solar spectrum contains a wealth of diagnostic tools for probing the lower solar atmosphere in response to an injection of energy, particularly during the impulsive phase of solar flares. These include temperature- and density-sensitive line ratios, Doppler-shifted emission lines, nonthermal broadening, abundance measurements, differential emission measure profiles, continuum temperatures and energetics, among others. In this article I review some of the recent advances that have been made using these techniques to infer physical properties of heated plasma at footpoint and ribbon locations during the initial stages of solar flares. I primarily focus on studies that have utilised spectroscopic EUV data from Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) and Solar Dynamics Observatory/EUV Variability Experiment (SDO/EVE), and I also provide some historical background and a summary of future spectroscopic instrumentation.

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Notes

  1. I use the terms chromosphere, lower transition region, and lower solar atmosphere interchangeably, since we do not know how to adequately describe this region during a flare’s impulsive phase. In essence I am referring to the footpoints or ribbons of a flaring loop, which are often spatially coincident with HXR emission. This may also include the photosphere in the case of white-light flares.

  2. Currently not functioning due to a power anomaly that occurred on 26 May 2014.

  3. http://solar.physics.montana.edu/max_millennium/ .

  4. http://lasp.colorado.edu/eve/data_access/evewebdata/interactive/flare_campaign_observations.html .

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful for financial support from NASA for LWS/TR&T grant NNX11AQ53G and LWS/SDO Data Analysis grant NNX14AE07G. He also thanks Brian Dennis, Mihalis Mathioudakis, Peter Young, Hugh Hudson, Helen Mason, David Graham, Lyndsay Fletcher (Guest Editor) and the anonymous referee for their useful comments and feedback on the manuscript, as well as the organisers of the meeting on Solar and Stellar Flares: Observations, Simulations, and Synergies in Prague, Czech Republic in June 2014 for the invitation to present this review.

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  1. Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK

    Ryan O. Milligan

  2. Solar Physics Laboratory, Heliophysics Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA

    Ryan O. Milligan

  3. Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue, Northeast, Washington, DC, 20064, USA

    Ryan O. Milligan

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Solar and Stellar Flares: Observations, Simulations, and Synergies

Guest Editors: Lyndsay Fletcher and Petr Heinzel

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Milligan, R.O. Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy of the Lower Solar Atmosphere During Solar Flares (Invited Review). Sol Phys 290, 3399–3423 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-015-0748-2

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