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Military Expenditures and Unemployment Nexus for Selected South Asian Countries

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Abstract

The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between military expenditures and unemployment rate in the panel of selected SAARC countries namely India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka over the period ranging from 1990 to 2013. In particular, the study used multivariate framework to examine the long-run relationship between military expenditures and unemployment rate by taking into account the effect of macroeconomic variables namely energy consumption, GDP per capita, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) net inflows and population growth rate. The empirical results show that all the variables exhibit non-stationary behavior and have long-run relationships between them. The results of panel DOLS show that military expenditures favor the employment rate in the SAARC region, as the estimated coefficient of military expenditure has a negative and more elastic relationship with the unemployment rate. Other factors i.e., energy consumption, GDP per capita and incoming FDI significantly decreases the unemployment rate in the SAARC region. However, population growth rate does not exhibit significant association with the unemployment rate during the period under the study. In a second regression apparatus, energy consumption, and GDP per capita significantly decrease the military spending, however, population growth rate significantly increases the military expenditures in the region. The results of causality indicate that there is an inverse causality between energy consumption, GDP per capita and population growth rate with the unemployment rate, while there is no significant causation between military spending and the rest of the variables in the short-run. In the long-run, there is a significant causation between the variables with the exception of population growth rate in SAARC region. These results are valuable both for policy makers and government officials to formulate their strategic polices for SAARC countries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia

    Muhammad Azam

  2. Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, 81310, Johor, Malaysia

    Faisal Khan & Amran Md. Rasli

  3. Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Canal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Khalid Zaman

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  1. Muhammad Azam
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  2. Faisal Khan
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  3. Khalid Zaman
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  4. Amran Md. Rasli
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Correspondence to Khalid Zaman or Amran Md. Rasli.

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Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K. et al. Military Expenditures and Unemployment Nexus for Selected South Asian Countries. Soc Indic Res 127, 1103–1117 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0993-7

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