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Differential invasion success of salmonids in southern Chile: patterns and hypotheses

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Abstract

Biological invasions create complex ecological and societal issues worldwide. Most of the knowledge about invasions comes only from successful invaders, but less is known about which processes determine the differential success of invasions. In this review, we develop a framework to identify the main dimensions driving the success and failure of invaders, including human influences, characteristics of the invader, and biotic interactions. We apply this framework by contrasting hypotheses and available evidence to explain variability in invasion success for 12 salmonids introduced to Chile. The success of Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta seems to be influenced by a context-specific combination of their phenotypic plasticity, low ecosystem resistance, and propagule pressure. These well-established invaders may limit the success of subsequently introduced salmonids, with the possible exception of O. tshawytscha, which has a short freshwater residency and limited spatial overlap with trout. Although propagule pressure is high for O. kisutch and S. salar due to their intensive use in aquaculture, their lack of success in Chile may be explained by environmental resistance, including earlier spawning times than in their native ranges, and interactions with previously established and resident Rainbow Trout. Other salmonids have also failed to establish, and they exhibit a suite of ecological traits, environmental resistance, and limited propagule pressure that are variably associated with their lack of success. Collectively, understanding how the various drivers of invasion success interact may explain the differential success of invaders and provide key guidance for managing both positive and negative outcomes associated with their presence.

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Acknowledgments

Cristian Correa, four anonymous reviewers and the Associated Editor William Ardren provided comments that improved the manuscript. Funded by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (FNDR Región de los Lagos); Fondo de Investigación Pesquera of Chile FIP 2000–2024; Comisión Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Chile FONDECYT Grant 1020183; Millennium Nucleus Forest Ecosystem Services (FORECOS) P04-065-F Ministerio de Planificación of Chile; and, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, UK) Darwin Initiative Grants # 162-15-020 and EIDPOC 041. Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Excelencia en Investigación FONDAP 15110027. Carlos Jara, Antonio Lara, Stefan Woelfl, Guillermo Giannico, and Jose Luis Iriarte provided comments on an early version of the manuscript. Tiffany Garcia and Kate Boersma provided comments on the conceptual framework figure and Kathryn Ronnenberg helped with its design. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Ivan Arismendi

  2. US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Brooke E. Penaluna

  3. US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Jason B. Dunham

  4. Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    Carlos García de Leaniz

  5. Aquaculture Branch, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy

    Doris Soto

  6. Fish Evolutionary Ecology Research Group and Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C5S7, Canada

    Ian A. Fleming

  7. Departamento de Zoología, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (FONDAP-INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile

    Daniel Gomez-Uchida & Pamela V. Vargas

  8. Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura and Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile

    Gonzalo Gajardo

  9. Secretaría Regional Ministerial del Medio Ambiente Región de los Ríos, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Valdivia, Chile

    Jorge León-Muñoz

  10. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

    Jorge León-Muñoz

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  1. Ivan Arismendi
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Arismendi, I., Penaluna, B.E., Dunham, J.B. et al. Differential invasion success of salmonids in southern Chile: patterns and hypotheses. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 24, 919–941 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9351-0

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