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Homing and straying by anadromous salmonids: a review of mechanisms and rates

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Abstract

There is a long research history addressing olfactory imprinting, natal homing, and non-natal straying by anadromous salmon and trout (Salmonidae). In undisturbed populations, adult straying is a fundamental component of metapopulation biology, facilitating genetic resilience, demographic stability, recolonization, and range expansion into unexploited habitats. Unfortunately, salmonid hatcheries and other human actions worldwide have affected straying in ways that can negatively affect wild populations through competitive interactions, reduced productivity and resiliency, hybridization and domestication effects, and outbreeding depression. Reduced adult straying is therefore an objective for many managed populations. Currently, there is considerable uncertainty about the range of ‘natural’ stray rates and about which mechanisms precipitate straying in either wild or human-influenced fish. Research in several disciplines indicates that adult straying is affected by endocrine physiology and neurological processes in juveniles, incomplete or interrupted imprinting during rearing and emigration, and by complex interactions among adult maturation processes, reproductive behaviors, olfactory memory, environmental conditions during migration, and senescence physiology. Reported salmonid stray rates indicate that the behavior varies among species, among life-history types, and among populations within species. Most strays enter sites near natal areas, but long-distance straying also occurs, especially in hatchery populations that were outplanted or transported as juveniles. A majority of past studies has estimated straying as demographic losses from donor populations, but some have estimated straying into recipient populations. Most recipient-based estimates have substantiated concerns that wild populations are vulnerable to swamping by abundant hatchery and farm-raised strays.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dean Holecek, US Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District for administering the prime contract with the University of California-Davis (Agreement No. W912EF-08-D-0007). This work was conducted through a subcontract administered by UC-Davis (Agreement No. 201120677-01) and we thank Frank Loge and Halona Leung for administrative assistance. We also thank the Snake River Working Group (SRWG) scientists and managers who participated in a homing and straying workshop; their input guided development of this paper. The paper was substantively improved by constructive reviews from Peter Westley, Doug Marsh, Glen Mendel, and an anonymous reviewer.

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  1. Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 975 W. 6th Street, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, USA

    Matthew L. Keefer & Christopher C. Caudill

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  1. Matthew L. Keefer
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  2. Christopher C. Caudill
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Correspondence to Matthew L. Keefer.

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Keefer, M.L., Caudill, C.C. Homing and straying by anadromous salmonids: a review of mechanisms and rates. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 24, 333–368 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-013-9334-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-013-9334-6

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