Abstract
Data on cadmium accumulation in chloroplasts of terrestrial plants are scarce and contradictory. We introduced CdSO4 in hydroponic media to the final concentrations 80 and 250 μM and studied the accumulation of Cd in chloroplasts of Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays. Barley accumulated more Cd in the chloroplasts as compared to maize, whereas in the leaves cadmium accumulation was higher in maize. The cadmium content in the chloroplasts of two species varied from 49 to 171 ng Cd/mg chlorophyll, which corresponds to one Cd atom per 728–2,540 chlorophyll molecules. Therefore, Mg2+ can be substituted by Cd2+ in a negligible amount of antenna chlorophylls only. The percentage of chloroplastic cadmium can be estimated as 0.21–1.32 % of all the Cd in a leaf. Photochemistry (F v/F m, ΦPSII, qP) was not influenced by Cd. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll-excited state (NPQ) was greatly reduced in barley but not in maize. The decrease in NPQ was due to its fast relaxing component; the slow relaxing component rose slightly. In chloroplasts, Cd did not affect mRNA levels, but content of some photosynthetic proteins was reduced: slightly in the leaves of barley and heavily in the leaves of maize. In all analyzed C3-species, the effect of Cd on the content of photosynthetic proteins was mild or absent. This is most likely the first evidence of severe reduction of photosynthetic proteins in leaves of a Cd-treated C4-plant.
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Abbreviations
- BEP clade:
-
Main branch of Poaceae family that includes subfamilies Bambusoideae, Ehrhatoideae, Pooideae
- Car:
-
Carotenoids
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- ETR:
-
Coefficient of electron-transport rate
- DW:
-
Dry weight
- F 0 :
-
Minimum Chl a fluorescence in the dark-adapted state
- F m :
-
Maximum Chl a fluorescence
- F v/F m :
-
Maximum quantum yield of PSII
- FW:
-
Fresh weight
- HM:
-
Heavy metal
- LS, SS:
-
Large or small subunits of Rubisco
- NPQ:
-
Coefficient of non-photochemical quenching of excited Chl state
- PACMAD clade:
-
Main branch of Poaceae family that includes subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Arundinideae, Danthonioideae
- PBS:
-
Phosphate buffer saline
- PEPC:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- PSI:
-
Photosystems I
- PSII:
-
Photosystems II
- qE :
-
Fast relaxing component of NPQ (energy/ΔpH dependent)
- qI :
-
Slow relaxing component of NPQ (dependent mainly on photoinhibition)
- qP :
-
Coefficient of photochemical quenching of excited Chl state
- qN :
-
Coefficient of non-photochemical quenching of excited Chl state
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- ΦPSII:
-
Effective quantum yield of PSII
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. N. Pedentchouk (University of East Anglia) for kindly providing the antiserum to the Lhcb1 protein. This work was supported by the grant from the Russian Science Foundation (No. 14-14-00584).
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Eugene A. Lysenko and Alexander A. Klaus have contributed equally to this work.
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Lysenko, E.A., Klaus, A.A., Pshybytko, N.L. et al. Cadmium accumulation in chloroplasts and its impact on chloroplastic processes in barley and maize. Photosynth Res 125, 291–303 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-014-0047-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-014-0047-z