Abstract
This paper describes a delay induced prey–predator system with stage structure for prey. The dynamical characteristics of the system are rigorously studied using mathematical tools. The coexistence equilibria of the system is determined and the dynamic behavior of the system is investigated around coexistence equilibria. Sufficient conditions are derived for the global stability of the system. The optimal harvesting problem is formulated and solved in order to achieve the sustainability of the system, keeping the ecological balance, and maximize the monetary social benefit. Maturation time delay of prey is incorporated and the existence of Hopf bifurcation phenomenon is examined at the coexistence equilibria. It is shown that the time delay can cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and even a switching of stabilities. Moreover, we use normal form method and center manifold theorem to examine the nature of the Hopf bifurcation. Finally, some numerical simulations are given to verify the analytical results, and the system is analyzed through graphical illustrations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kuang, Y.: Delay Differential Equations with Application in Population Dynamics. Academic Press, New York (1993)
Gopalswamy, K.: Stability and Oscillations in Delay Differential Equations of Population Dynamics. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1992)
Kot, M.: Elements of Mathematical Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
MacDonald, N.: Time Lags in Biological Models. Springer, Heidelberg (1978)
Cushing, J.M.: Integro-differential Equations and Delay Model in Population Dynamics. Springer, Heidelberg (1977)
Meng, X., Huo, H., Zhang, X.: Stability and global Hopf bifurcation in a delayed food web consisting of a prey and two predators. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 16(11), 4335–4348 (2011)
Satio, Y., Takeuchi, Y.: A time-delay model for prey-predator growth with stage structure. Can. Appl. Math. Q. 11, 293–302 (2003)
Chakraborty, K., Jana, S., Kar, T.K.: Effort dynamics of a delay-induced prey-predator system with reserve. Nonlinear Dyn. 70, 1805–1829 (2012)
Beretta, E., Kuang, Y.: Global analyses in some delayed ratio-dependent predator–prey systems. Nonlinear Anal. TMA 32, 381–408 (1998)
Guo, H., Chen, L.: The effects of impulsive harvest on a predator–prey system with distributed time delay. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 14(5), 2301–2309 (2009)
Yan, X.P., Zhang, C.H.: Hopf bifurcation in a delayed Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 9, 114–127 (2008)
Jana, S., Chakraborty, M., Chakraborty, K., Kar, T.K.: Global stability and bifurcation of time delayed prey-predator system incorporating prey refuge. Math. Comput. Simul. 85, 57–77 (2012)
Yan, X.P., Zhang, C.H.: Hopf bifurcation in a delayed Lotka–Volterra predator–prey system. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 9, 114–127 (2008)
Meng, X.-Y., Huo, H.-F., Zhang, X.-B., Xiang, H.: Stability and Hopf bifurcation in a three-species system with feedback delays. Nonlinear Dyn. 64, 349–364 (2011)
Martin, A., Ruan, S.: Predator-prey models with delay and prey harvesting. J. Math. Biol. 43, 247–267 (2001)
Kar, T.K., Pahari, U.K.: Non-selective harvesting in prey-predator models with delay. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 11(4), 499–509 (2006)
Chakraborty, K., Chakraborty, M., Kar, T.K.: Bifurcation and control of a bioeconomic model of prey-predator system with time delay. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 5(4), 613–625 (2011)
Kar, T.K., Chakraborty, K., Pahari, U.K.: A prey-predator model with alternative prey: mathematical model and analysis. Can. Appl. Math. Q. 18(2), 137–168 (2010)
Xu, C., Tang, X., Liao, M., Xiaofei, H.: Bifurcation analysis in a delayed Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model with two delays. Nonlinear Dyn. 66, 169–183 (2011)
Chakraborty, K., Das, S., Kar, T.K.: Optimal control of effort of a stage structured prey–predator fishery model with harvesting. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 12(6), 3452–3467 (2011)
Sun, X.K., Huo, H.F., Xiang, H.: Bifurcation and stability analysis in predator–prey model with a stage–structure for predator. Nonlinear Dyn. 58, 497–513 (2009)
Liu, M., Wang, K.: Global stability of stage–structured predator–prey models with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 16(9), 3792–3797 (2011)
Chakraborty, K., Jana, S., Kar, T.K.: Global dynamic sand bifurcation in a stage structured prey-predator fishery model with harvesting. Appl. Math. Comput. 218(18), 9271–9290 (2012)
Zhang, L., Zhang, C.: Rich dynamic of a stage–structured prey-predator model with cannibalism and periodic attacking rate. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 15(12), 4029–4040 (2010)
Xu, R., Ma, Z.: Stability and Hopf bifurcation in a ratio-dependent predator–prey system with stage structure. Chaos Solitons Fractals 38, 669–684 (2008)
Xu, R.: Global stability and Hopf bifurcation of a predator–prey model with stage structure and delayed predator response. Nonlinear Dyn. 67, 1683–1693 (2012)
Song, X.Y., Chen, L.S.: Modelling and analysis of a single species system with stage structure and harvesting. Math. Comput. Model. 36, 67–82 (2002)
Shi, R., Chen, L.: The study of a ratio-dependent predator–prey model with stage structure in the prey. Nonlinear Dyn. 58, 443–451 (2009)
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q.: Dynamic behavior in a delayed stage structured population model with stochastic fluctuation and harvesting. Nonlinear Dyn. 66, 231–245 (2011)
Kar, T.K., Matsuda, H.: Controllability of a harvested prey-predator system with time delay. J. Biol. Syst. 14(2), 243–254 (2006)
Boncoeur, J., Alban, F., Guyader, O., Thebaud, O.: Fish, fishers, seals and tourists: economic consequences of creating a marine reserve in a multi-species, multi-activity context. Nat. Resour. Model. 15(4), 387–411 (2002)
Kar, T.K., Chakraborty, K.: Marine Reserves and its consequences as a fisheries management tool. World J. Model. Simul. 5(2), 83–95 (2009)
Clark, C.W.: Mathematical Bio-economics, the Optimal Management of Renewable Resources. Wiley, New York (1990)
Berreta, E., Kuang, Y.: Geometric stability switch criteria in delay differential systems with delay dependent parameters. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 33, 1144–1165 (2002)
Pathak, S., Maiti, A., Bear, S.P.: Effect of time delay on a prey predator model with microparasite infection in the predator. J. Biol. Syst. 19(2), 365–387 (2011). doi:10.1142/S0218339011004032
Hassard, B., Kazarinoff and, D., Wan, Y.: Theory and Application of Hopf Bifurcation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1981)
Hale, J.K., Verduyn, S.M.: Introduction to Functional Differential Equations. Springer, New York (1993)
Acknowledgements
The first author gratefully acknowledges Director, INCOIS for his encouragement and unconditional help. This is INCOIS contribution number 138.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chakraborty, K., Haldar, S. & Kar, T.K. Global stability and bifurcation analysis of a delay induced prey-predator system with stage structure. Nonlinear Dyn 73, 1307–1325 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-013-0864-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-013-0864-1