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Glutamate Release

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Abstract

Our aim was to review the processes of glutamate release from both biochemical and neurophysiological points of view. A large body of evidence now indicates that glutamate is specifically accumulated into synaptic vesicles, which provides strong support for the concept that glutamate is released from synaptic vesicles and is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Evidence suggests the notion that synaptic vesicles, in order to sustain the neurotransmitter pool of glutamate, are endowed with an efficient mechanism for vesicular filling of glutamate. Glutamate-loaded vesicles undergo removal of Synapsin I by CaM kinase II-mediated phosphorylation, transforming to the release-ready pool. Vesicle docking to and fusion with the presynaptic plasma membrane are thought to be mediated by the SNARE complex. The Ca2+-dependent step in exocytosis is proposed to be mediated by synaptotagmin.

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Abbreviations

AAT:

Aspartate aminotransferase

CNS:

Central nervous system

CaM-PK:

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

mepp:

Miniature end-plate potential

RIM:

Rab3 interacting molecule

RIM-BP:

RIM-binding protein

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

VGLUT:

Vesicular glutamate transporter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0736, USA

    John T. Hackett

  2. Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA

    Tetsufumi Ueda

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Tetsufumi Ueda

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Tetsufumi Ueda

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Special Issue: In Honor of Dr. Gerald Dienel.

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Hackett, J.T., Ueda, T. Glutamate Release. Neurochem Res 40, 2443–2460 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-015-1622-1

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