Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Historic water consumptions and future management strategies for Haihe River basin of Northern China

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the growth of population and economy, water demand has increased significantly in all the over world. However, the water consumptions in Haihe River basin located in the Northern part of China has decreased in recent years. Haihe River basin, covers the provinces of Beijing and Tianjin and parts of other six provinces of China is considered as the center of politics, economics, and cultural of China. Therefore, decreasing water demand in Haihe River basin has attracted the attention of hydrologists and decision makers. A study has been carried out in this paper by using information entropy theory to understand the possible causes of changing water consumptions in Haihe River basin. Results show that entropy value of water consumption system of Haihe River basin has increased from 0.72 in 1980 to 0.91 in 2008. The balance degree of water consumptions has also increased from 0.68 in 1980 to 0.89 in 2008. The results indicate that the water consumption structure of the basin has become more stable with time. The dominance of agricultural water consumption has weakened, the industrial consumption has stabled, and the domestic and ecological water consumptions have increased. The study reveals that land conversion from agrarian to industrial and higher water efficiency in industrial production have reduced the total water consumption in the basin. Water management approaches base on total quantity control and quota management have been proposed in this study for further reduction of water demand in the basin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • 2030 Water Resources Group (2009) Charting our water future: economic framework to inform decision-making. West Perth, USA. http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf

  • Bhatia R, Falkenmark M (1992) Water resource policies and the urban poor: innovative approaches and policy imperatives. Background paper for the ICWE, Dublin, 26–31 January 1992

  • Bhatia R, Cestti R, Winpenny J (1995) Water conservation and reallocation: best practice cases in improving economic efficiency and environmental quality. A World Bank-ODI joint study. The World Bank, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanke A, Rozelle S, Lohmar L (2007) Water saving technology and saving water in China. Agric Water Manag 87:139–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blignaut J, van Heerden J (2009) The impact of water scarcity on economic development initiatives. Water SA 35(4):415–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Brothers KJ (2003) A practical approach to water loss reduction. Water 21:54–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler D, Memon FA (2006) Water demand management. IWA Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Rosegrant MW (2002a) Global water demand and supply projection part 1. A modeling approach. Water Int 27(2):159–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Rosegrant MW (2002b) Global water demand and supply projections, Part 2: results and prospects to 2025. Water Int 27(2):170–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao S, Knight DW (1995) Design of threshold channels. Hydra 2000. Proc., 26th IAHR Congress, London

  • Cao S, Knight DW (1997) Entropy-based approach of threshold alluvial channels. J Hydraul Res 35(4):505–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen F, Sheng D, Gao Y (2009) Study on total water consumption control in Taihu Basin. Water Resour Prot 25(3):37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu CL (1987) Entropy and probability concepts in hydraulics. J Hydraul Eng 113(5):583–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu J, Xia J, Xu C (2010) Spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation in Haihe River basin, 1958–2007. J Geogr Sci 20(2):248–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cookson C (2010) Water - A democratic solution. Decision 2010- Malborough. http://www.marlboroughonline.co.nz/election2010/index.mvc?ArticleID=14

  • Ernst, Young (2011) Water sector in India Emerging investment opportunities. September 2011. http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Water_sector_in_India/$FILE/Water_Sector_in_India.pdf

  • European Environment Agency (2010) The European environment–state and outlook 2010. European Environment Agency, Latvia, http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/lv/soertopic_view?topic=freshwater

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1993) The state of food and agriculture 1993. FAO agriculture series No. 26. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Geng H, Gu S, Guo D (2004) Analyses on evolution of household energy consumption structure based on information entropy. J Nat Resour 19(2):257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowing J (2003) Food security for sub-Saharan Africa: does water scarcity limit the options? Land Use Water Resour Res 3:2.1–2.7

    Google Scholar 

  • Haihe Yearbook (2009) Haihe yearbook-2009. Fang Zhi Press, Bejing

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao Z, Singh VP (2011) Single-site monthly streamflow simulation using entropy theory. Water Resour Res 47(9)

  • HRWRC (2009) Haihe River Basin Water Bulletin. Haihe River Water Resources Commission (in Chinese)

  • IWMI (2007) Water for food, water for life: a comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. Earthscan, and Colombo, International Water Management Institute, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji X-B, Kang E-S, Chen R-S, Zhao W-Z, Xiao S-C, Jin B-W (2005) Analysis of water resources supply and demand and security of water resources development in irrigation regions of the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. Agric Sci China 5(2):130–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Chen L, Sun R (2012) Temporal and spatial variability of water supply stress in the Haihe River basin, northern china. J Am Water Resour Assoc 48(5):999–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia S-F, Lin S-J, Lv A-F (2010) Will China’s water shortage shake the world’s food security? Water Int 35(1):6–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y (2009) China’s water scarcity. J Environ Manage 90(11):3185–3196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamparagou E, Lekkas DF, Assimacopoulos D (2010) Water demand management: implementation principles and indicative case studies. Water Environ J. doi:10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00240.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Koutsoyiannis D (2005) Uncertainty, entropy, scaling and hydrological statistics. 1. Marginal distributional properties of hydrological processes and state scaling. Hydrol Sci J 50(3):381–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Krstanovic PF, Singh VP (1992) Evaluation of rainfall networks using entropy: I. Theoretical development. Water Resour Manag 4(6):279–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamei A, Zaag PV, Imam E (2009) Integrating wastewater reuse in water resources management for hotels in arid coastal regions - case study of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. Water Sci Technol 60(9):2235–2243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao S (1995) Some questions in taking full advantages of water resources in Haihe River Basin (in Chinese). Water Resour Plan Design 1:21–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Speed R (2009) Water resources management in the people’s republic of China. Int J Water Resour Dev 25(2):193–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CZ, Liu ZY, Xie ZH (2004) Study of trends in runoff for the Haihe River basin in recent 50 years (in Chinese). J Appl Meteorol Sci 15:385–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Luan Y, Su L (2010) Public participation in water resources management of Haihe River basin, China: the analysis and evaluation of status quo. Procedia Environ Sci 2(1):1750–1758

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Zang C, Tian S, Liu J, Yang H, Jia S, You L, Liu B, Zhang M (2013) Water conservancy projects in China: achievements, challenges and way forward. Global Environ Change 23(3):633–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mogheir Y, de Lima JLMP, Singh VP (2004) Characterizing the spatial variability of groundwater quality using the entropy theory: II. Case study from Gaza Strip. Hydrol Processes 18:2579–2590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed AS, Savenije HHG (2000) Water demand management: positive incentives, negative incentives or quota regulation? Phys Gem Earth B 25(3):251–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nachazel K, Patera A, Prenosilova E (1989) Problems of control of over-year reservoirs in real time (in Czech). Vodohosp Casopis 37(3):249–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolini M, Giacomello C, Deb K (2011) Calibration and optimal leakage management for a real water distribution network. J Water Resour Plng Mgmt 137(1):134–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pang JZ, Zhang ZZ (2001) Issues on rational allocation of water resources in Northern China and South–North water transfer. China Water Publishing House, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Pechlivanidisa IG, Jacksona B, McMillanb H (2010) The use of entropy as a model diagnostic in rainfall-runoff modelling, In: Modelling for Environment’s Sake, Fifth Biennial Meeting of 2010 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Swayne DA, Wanhong Yang AA, Voinov A, Filatova RT (eds.). Ottawa, Canada

  • Pei Y, Liu J, Zhao Y (2009) Study on support technique for coordination between total amount control and quota management of water consumption for water resource. Water Resour Hydropower Eng 40(3):8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Qadir M, Sharma BR, Bruggeman A, Choukr-Allah R, Karajeh F (2007) Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries. Agric Water Manag 87:2–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian ZY, Zhang GD (2001) Report on the research on sustainable water resources strategy in China. China Water Publishing House, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanuga JO (1976) Entropy principle applied to the rainfall-runoff process. J Hydrol 30:81–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon CE (1948) Mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (1997) The use of entropy in hydrology and water resources. Hydrol Processes 11:587–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (2000) The entropy theory as a tool for modelling and decision-making in environmental and water resources. Water Resour Manag 1(26):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (2010a) Entropy theory for derivation of infiltration equations. Water Resour Res 46:W03527

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (2010b) Entropy theory for movement of moisture in soils. Water Resour Res 46:W03516

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (2010c) Tsallis entropy theory for derivation of infiltration equations. Trans ASABE 53(2):447–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (2011) Hydrologic synthesis using entropy theory: review. J Hydrol Eng 16:421–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP (2013) Entropy theory and its application in environmental and water engineering. Wiley, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP, Guo H (1997) Parameter estimation for 2-parameter generalized Pareto distribution by POME. Stoch Hydrol Hydraul 11(3):211–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP, Patera A (1999) Evaluation of reservoir and water-resource system control using entropy. In: Singh VP, Seo IW, Sonu JH (eds) Water resources planning and management: proceedings of the International Conference on Water, Environment, Ecology, Socio-economics and Health Engineering (WEESHE), October 18–21, 1999. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP, Zhang L (2008a) At-a-station hydraulic geometry: I. Theoretical development. Hydrol Process 22:189–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP, Zhang L (2008b) At-a-station hydraulic geometry: II. Calibration and testing. Hydrol Process 22:216–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP, Yang CT, Deng ZQ (2003a) Downstream hydraulic geometry relations: 1. Theoretical development. Water Resour Res 39(12):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh VP, Yang CT, Deng ZQ (2003b) Downstream hydraulic geometry relations: 2. Calibration and testing. Water Resour Res 39(12):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • The China Statistical Bureau (2009) China statistical yearbook (1996–2006). China Statistic Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2005) Good practices on strategic planning and management of water resources in Asia And the Pacific. United Nations Publications 2005

  • USGS (2013) Trends in Water Use in the United States, 1950 to 2005. The USGS Water Science School. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-trends.html

  • Wang L-M, Lin C (2009) Study on urban waste water recycling based on ET control. Proceedings of International Symposium on HAI Basin Integrated Water and Environment Management. Sidney: Orient Academic Forum

  • Wang X, Zhang J, Liu J et al (2009) Water demand management instead of water supply management: a case study of Yulin City in northwestern China. Proceedings of JS. 3 at the Joint IAHS & IAH Convention, Hyderabad, India, September 2009. IAHS Publ 330:340–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zhang J, Wang G et al (2010) Climate change and water management adaptation for China, Xth Kovacs colloquium, Paris, France, July, 2010. IAHS Publ 338:258–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zhang J, He R et al (2011) A strategy to deal with water crisis under climate change for mainstream in the middle reaches of yellow river. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 16(5):555–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X-J, Zhang J-Y, Shahid S, ElMahdi A, He R-M, Bao Z-X, Ali M (2012) Water resources management strategy for adaptation to droughts in China. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 17(8):923–937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zhang J, Wang J et al (2013a) Climate change and water resources management in Tuwei river basin of northwest China. Mitig Adapt Strateg Global Change. doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9430-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X-J, Zhang J-Y, Shahid S et al (2013b) Catastrophe theory to assess water security and adaptation strategy in the context of environmental change. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change. doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9443-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu B (2010) Ecological change detection using remote sensing in Hai Basin of China. Sino-French seminar on Biodiversity and management of natural resources 5–6 October 2010. http://www.cnrs.fr/inee/relationsinternationales/docs/WUBingfang_SFseminarweb.pdf

  • Wu GH, Liu DW, Cong LM (2007) Management of water resources and water environment of Haihe River basin. Water Resour Prot 23(6):80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao J, Shen Y (2008) Landscape Pattern Change and Associated Environmental Implications in Haihe River Basin, China. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Informa tion Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008

  • Yang H (2002) Water, environment and food security: a case study of the Haihe River basin in China. http://www.rioc.org/wwf/Water_in_China_Haihe.pdf

  • Yang H (2003) Water, environment and food security: a case study of the Haihe River basin in China. In: Brebbia CA (ed) River basin management II, progress in water resources series, vol 7. Wessex Institute of Technology, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Tian F (2009) Abrupt change of runoff and its major driving factors in Haihe River Catchment, China. J Hydrol 374(3):373–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Zhiyun O, Hua Z, Weihua X, Cheng Z, Changwei Z, Shuai C, Bo J (2010) Ecosystems patterns and dynamics in Haihe River basin. Acta Ecol Sin 30:327–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yong J (2009) China’s water scarcity. J Environ Manage 90:3185–3196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H (2005) Strategic study for water management in China. Southeast University Press, Nanjing

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhonggen W, Xinjun Z, Wei L, Yuzhou L, Minghua Z (2011) A coupled surface-water/groundwater model for Haihe River basin. Progress Geogr 30(11):1345–1353

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu XC, Cao Y, Zhang Y (2007) Water resources analysis and research in the Haihe River basin. Haihe River Water Resour 6:6–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou ZH, Yun Y, Sun JN (2006) Entropy method for determination of weight of evaluating indicators in fuzzy synthetic evaluation for water quality assessment. J Environ Sci 18:1020–1023

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51309155, 41330854 and 51209139), National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951104 and 2010CB951103), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (No. 2013M530027), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No. Y513004) and Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin (China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research) (No. IWHR-SKL-201212) for providing financial support for this research. We are also thankful to anonymous reviewers and editors for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Xiao-jun Wang, Jian-yun Zhang, Rui-min He & Hong-wei Liu

  2. Research Center for Climate Change, Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Xiao-jun Wang, Jian-yun Zhang, Rui-min He & Hong-wei Liu

  3. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Xiao-jun Wang, Zhi-feng Yang & Xing-hui Xia

  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia

    Shamsuddin Shahid

Authors
  1. Xiao-jun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jian-yun Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhi-feng Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shamsuddin Shahid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rui-min He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xing-hui Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hong-wei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiao-jun Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, Xj., Zhang, Jy., Yang, Zf. et al. Historic water consumptions and future management strategies for Haihe River basin of Northern China. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 20, 371–387 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9496-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9496-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation