Abstract
Assuming the multiplicative background risk model, which has been a popular model due to its practical applicability and technical tractability, we develop a general framework for analyzing portfolio performance based on its subportfolios. Since the performance of subportfolios is easier to assess, the herein developed stepwise portfolio construction (SPC) provides a powerful alternative to a number of traditional portfolio construction methods. Within this framework, we discuss a number of multivariate risk models that appear in the actuarial and financial literature. We provide numerical and graphical examples that illustrate the SPC technique and facilitate our understanding of the herein developed general results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramowitz M, Stegun IA (1972) Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. (9th printing.) Dover, New York
Arnold BC (1983) Pareto distributions. International Co-operative Publishing House, Fairland
Asimit V, Badescu A, Tsanakas A (2013a) Optimal risk transfers in insurance groups. Eur Actuar J 3:159–190
Asimit AV, Furman E., Tang Q, Vernic R (2011) Asymptotics for risk capital allocations based on conditional tail expectation. Insurance: Math Econ 49:310–324
Asimit AV, Vernic R, Zitikis R (2013b) Evaluating risk measures and capital allocations based on multi-losses driven by a heavy-tailed background risk: the multivariate Pareto-II model. Risks 1:14–33
Bai Z, Hui Y, Wong WK, Zitikis R (2012) Prospect performance evaluation: making a case for a non-asymptotic UMPU test. J Financ Economet 10:703–732
Bebbington M, Lai CD, Zitikis R (2008) Reduction in mean residual life in the presence of a constant competing risk. Appl Stoch Models Business Indust 24:51–63
Bennett CJ, Zitikis R (2014) Estimation of optimal portfolio weights under parameter uncertainty and user-specified constraints: a perturbation method. J Statist Theory Pract 8(3, special issue on “advances in interdisciplinary statistics and combinatorics”):423–438
Brazauskas V, Jones BL, Zitikis R (2015) Trends in disguise. Ann Actuar Sci 9:58–71
Brazauskas V, Kleefeld A (2011) Folded- and log-folded-t distributions as models for insurance loss data. Scand Actuar J 2011:59–74
Brazauskas V, Kleefeld A (2014) Authors’ reply to “letter to the editor: regarding folded models and the paper by Brazauskas and Kleefeld (2011)” by Scollnik. Scand Actuar J 2014:753–757
Buch A, Dorfleitner G, Wimmer M (2011) Risk capital allocation for RORAC optimization. J Bank Financ 35:3001–3009
Busse M, Dacorogna M, Kratz M (2014) The impact of systemic risk on the diversification benefits of a risk portfolio. Risks 2:260–276
Cannata F, Quagliariello M (2011) Basel III and beyond. Risk Books, London
Chan-Lau JA (2013) Systemic risk assessment and oversight. Risk Books, London
Cruz M (2009) The solvency II handbook. Risk Books, London
Durante F, Fernández-Sánchez J, Pappadà R (2015) Copulas, diagonals, and tail dependence. Fuzzy Sets Syst 264:22–41
Embrechts P, Puccetti G (2010) Risk aggregation. In: Jaworski P, Durante F, Härdle W, Rychlik T (eds) Copulas theory and its applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 111–126
Embrechts P, Puccetti G, Rüschendorf L (2013) Model uncertainty and VaR aggregation. J Bank Financ 37:2750–2764
European Commission (2009) Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the Taking-up and Pursuit of the Business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II). Official Journal of the European Union L335
European Commission (2010) QIS5 Technical Specifications. Available at the address: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/insurance/docs/solvency/qis5/201007/technical_specifications_en.pdf
Ferrari R, Migliavacca A (2014) Tsunami surfing. Torino, Anteprima
Franke G, Schlesinger H, Stapleton RC (2006) Multiplicative background risk. Manag Sci 52:146–153
Franke G, Schlesinger H, Stapleton RC (2011) Risk taking with additive and multiplicative background risks. J Econ Theory 146:1547–1568
Fraser J, Simkins B (2010) Enterprise risk management: today’s leading research and best practices for tomorrow’s executives. Hoboken, Wiley
Furman E, Zitikis R (2008a) Weighted premium calculation principles. Insurance: Math Econ 42:459–465
Furman E, Zitikis R (2008b) Weighted risk capital allocations. Insurance: Math Econ 43:263–269
Furman E, Zitikis R (2009) Weighted pricing functionals with applications to insurance: an overview. North Amer Actuarl J 13:483–496
Guillén M, Sarabia JM, Prieto F (2013) Simple risk measure calculations for sums of positive random variables. Insurance: Math Econ 53:273–280
Hashorva E, Ji L (2014) Random shifting and scaling of insurance. Risks 2:277–288
Jaworski P, Durante F, Härdle W (2013) Copulae in mathematical and quantitative finance. Springer, Berlin
Jaworski P, Durante F, Härdle W, Rychlik T (2010) Copulas theory and its applications. Springer, Berlin
Jørgensen B (1997) The theory of dispersion models. Chapman and Hall, New York
Louisot JP, Ketcham CH (2014) ERM – enterprise risk management: issues and cases. Wiley, Chichester
Mainik G, Embrechts P (2013) Diversification in heavy-tailed portfolios: properties and pitfalls. Ann Actuar Sci 7:26–45
Marasovic B, Babic Z (2011) Two-step multi-criteria model for selecting optimal portfolio. Int J Prod Econ 134:58–66
McNeil AJ (2013) Enterprise risk management (editorial). Ann Actuar Sci 7:1–2
McNeil AJ, Frey R, Embrechts P (2005) Quantitative risk management. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Merz M, Wüthrich MV (2014) Demand of insurance under the cost-of-capital premium calculation principle. Risks 2:226–248
Meucci A (2007) Risk and asset allocation. (Third Printing). Springer, Berlin
Michaud RO, Michaud RO (2008) Efficient asset management: a practical guide to stock portfolio optimization and asset allocation. (Second edition). Oxford University Press, New York
Nešlehová J, Embrechts P, Chavez-Demoulin V (2006) Infinite mean models and the LDA for operational risk. J Oper Risk 1:3–25
Olson DL, Wu D (2010) Enterprise risk management models. Springer, New York
Ozdemir B, Miu P (2013) Adapting to basel III and the financial crisis: re-engineering capital, business mix and performance management practices. Risk Books, London
Patil GP (2002) Weighted distributions. In: El-Shaarawi AH, Piegorsch WW (eds) Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, vol 4. Wiley, Chichester, pp 2369–2377
Patil GP, Ord KJ (1976) On size-biased sampling and related form-invariant weighted distributions. Sankhyā Ser B 38:48–61
Patil GP, Rao CR (1978) Weighted distributions and size-biased sampling with applications to wildlife populations and human families. Biometrics 34:179–189
Sandström A (2010) Handbook of solvency for actuaries and risk managers: theory and practice. Chapman and Hall, Boca Raton
Schilling RL, Song R, Vondracek Z (2010) Bernstein functions. Theory and applications. De Gruyter, Berlin
Segal S (2011) Corporate value of enterprise risk management: the next step in business management. Hoboken, Wiley
Sendov HS, Zitikis R (2014) The shape of the Borwein-Affleck-Girgensohn function generated by completely monotone and Bernstein functions. J Optim Theory Appl 160:67–89
Sendov HS, Shan S (2015) New representation theorems for completely monotone and Bernstein functions with convexity properties on their measures. J Theor Probab (to appear)
Seshadri V (1993) The inverse gaussian distribution: a case study in exponential families. Oxford University Press, New York
Sawyer N (2012) Basel III: addressing the challenges of regulatory reform. Risk Books, London
Scollnik DPM (2014) Letter to the editor: regarding folded models and the paper by Brazauskas and Kleefeld (2011). Scand Actuar J 2014:278–281
Stefanovits D, Schubiger U, Wüthrich MV (2014) Model risk in portfolio optimization. Risks 2:315–348
Tsanakas A (2008) Risk measurement in the presence of background risk. Insurance: Math Econ 42:520–528
Tsetlin I, Winkler RL (2005) Risky choices and correlated background risk. Manag Sci 51:1336–1345
Vernic R (2011) Tail conditional expectation for the multivariate Pareto distribution of the second kind: another approach. Methodol Comput Appl Probab 13:121–137
Widder DV (1945) The Laplace transform. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Yau S, Kwon RH, Rogers JS, Wu D (2011) Financial and operational decisions in the electricity sector: contract portfolio optimization with the conditional value-at-risk criterion. Int J Prod Econ 134:67–77
You Y, Li X (2014) Optimal capital allocations to interdependent actuarial risks. Insurance: Math Econ 57:104–113
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Asimit, A.V., Vernic, R. & Zitikis, R. Background Risk Models and Stepwise Portfolio Construction. Methodol Comput Appl Probab 18, 805–827 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11009-015-9458-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11009-015-9458-3
Keywords
- Portfolio construction
- Background risk
- Systemic risk
- Laplace transform
- Risk management
- Capital allocation