Abstract
The study of learning environments involves describing educational contexts and identifying empirical relationships among subject matter (curriculum), teaching practices and other environmental variables. In recent years, this has become a growing field of academic inquiry within elementary, secondary and post-secondary research. Investigations of this relationship between the environment and learning encompasses science education, environmental psychology, campus ecology and architecture, as well as inter- or multi-disciplinary fields of study such as environmental or place-based forms of education. Learning environment studies attempt to acknowledge and account for factors in both the physical and social realm, as well as describing how these socio-environmental conditions can influence the process and experience of learning. Our project at the Chilliwack Secondary School (CSS) aimed to further the study and investigation of student perceptions of both informal and formal learning environments within a high-school context. This study describes, refines and validates a new instrument for the measurement of perceptions of the physical environment at school. It also describes other qualitative methods that corroborate the selection of physical factors included in the survey. Together, these data provide rich descriptions of the factors in the learning environment at the CSS and describe the interaction of these factors in supporting learning.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Astin, A. W. (1975). Preventing students from dropping out. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Banning, J. H. (1988). Ecological transitions. The Campus Ecologist, 6(4), 1–3.
Bell, P. A., Greene, T. C., Fisher, J. D., & Baum, A. (1996). Environmental psychology (4th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
Bennett, M., & Benton, S. (2001). What are the buildings saying? A study of first-year undergraduate students’ attributions about college campus architecture. NASPA Journal, 38(2), 159–177.
Blocher, D. H. (1978). Campus learning environment and the ecology of student development. In James Banning (Ed.), Campus ecology: A perspective for student affairs. Cincinnati, OH: NASPA.
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dorman, J. P. (2001). Associations between classroom environment and academic efficacy. Learning Environments Research, 4(3), 243–257. doi:10.1023/A:1014490922622.
Douglas, K. B. (1998). Impressions: African American first-year students’ perceptions of a predominantly white university. Journal of Negro Education, 67(4), 416–431.
Fraser, B. J. (1998). Science learning environments: Assessment, effects and determinants. In B. J. Fraser & K. G. Tobin (Eds.), International handbook of science education (pp. 527–564). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fraser, B. J. (2007). Classroom learning environments. In S. K. Abell & N. G. Lederman (Eds.), Handbook of research on science education (pp. 103–124). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fraser, B. J. (2012). Classroom learning environments: Retrospect, context and prospect. In B. J. Fraser, K. G. Tobin, & C. J. McRobbie (Eds.), Second international handbook of science education (pp. 1191–1239). New York: Springer.
Fraser, B. J. (2014). Classroom learning environments: Historical and contemporary perspectives. In N. G. Lederman & S. K. Abell (Eds.), Handbook of research on science education (pp. 104–119). New York: Routledge.
Harrington, C. E., & Lindy, I. (1998). The use of reflexive photography in the study of the freshman year experience. In Paper presented at the annual conference of the Indiana Association for Institutional Research, Nashville, IN. Retrieved October 15, 2006, from ERIC Document No. ED429473.
Harrington, C. E., & Schibik, T. J. (2003). Reflexive photography as an alternative method for the study of freshman year experience. NASPA Journal, 41(1), 23–40.
Hunley, S. A., & Schaller, M. (2006). Assessing learning spaces. In D. Oblinger (Ed.), Learning spaces (pp. 13.1–13.11). Retrieved July 15, 2007 from http://www.educause.edu/learningspaces
Jamieson, P. (2003). Designing more effective on-campus teaching and learning spaces: A role for academic developers. International Journal for Academic Development, 8(1/2), 119–133.
Kenney, D. R., Dumont, R., & Kenney, G. (2005). Mission and place. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Mayan, M. J. (2001). An introduction to qualitative methods. Edmonton: Qual Institute Press.
Michael, W. B., & Boyer, E. L. (1965). Campus environment. Review of Educational Research, 35(4), 264–276.
Moos, R. H. (1974). Systems for the assessment and classification of human environments: An overview. In R. Moos & P. Inset (Eds.), Issues in social ecology. Palo Alto, CA: National Press Books.
Moos, R. H. (1979). Evaluating educational environments. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Neuman, W. L. (1997). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. New York: Pearson.
Oblinger, D. G. (2006). Space as a change agent. In D. Oblinger (Ed.), Learning spaces (pp. 13.1–13.11). Retrieved July 15, 2007 from http://www.educause.edu/learningspaces
Orr, D. (1999). Architecture as pedagogy. In C. Kibert (Ed.), Reshaping the built environment: Ecology, ethics and economics (pp. 212–218). Washington, DC: Island Press.
Palomba, C. A., & Banta, T. W. (1999). Assessment essentials: Planning, implementing and improving assessment in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1980). Predicting freshman persistence and voluntary dropout decisions from a theoretical model. Journal of Higher Education, 51(1), 60–75.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Stigall, S. W. (2007). Recommendations to improve space projection models and university space usage. New Directions for Institutional Research, 135, 29–36.
Strange, C. C., & Banning, J. H. (2001). Educating by design: Creating campus environments that work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Temple, P. (2007). Learning spaces for the 21st century: A review of the literature. Published online by the Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resource/learning-spaces-21st-century
Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. Chicago: University Chicago Press.
Tinto, V. (2000). Looking at the university through different lenses. About Campus, 4(6), 2–3.
Upitis, R. (2004). School architecture and complexity. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 1(1), 19–38.
Walberg, H. J. (1991). Improving school science in advanced and developing countries. Review of Educational Research, 61, 25–69.
Walton, S. V., & Galea, C. E. (2005). Some considerations for applying business sustainability practices to campus environmental challenges. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 6(2), 147–160.
Zandvliet, D. B. (2014). SPACES and PLACES: Case studies in the evaluation of post-secondary, place-based learning environments. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 41, 18–28.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zandvliet, D., Broekhuizen, A. Spaces for learning: development and validation of the School Physical and Campus Environment Survey. Learning Environ Res 20, 175–187 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-017-9228-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-017-9228-y