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One-step synthesis of carbon-coated Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12 by modified citric acid sol–gel method for lithium-ion battery

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Abstract

The effect of Nd doping and one-step carbon coating in Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12/C composite materials on the structure and electrochemical performance by modified citric acid sol–gel method was investigated. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and transmission electron microscopy. The specific capacities of the Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12/C composite at discharge rates of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 C are 176, 158, 147, 128, 110, 89 and 65 mAh g−1, respectively, which is larger than those of Li4Ti5O12 and Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12 materials at high rates. Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12/C also shows excellent cycling performance at high rates after 1000 cycles, which is attributed to its smaller polarization resistance and larger lithium-ion diffusion coefficient than Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12 material. The further electrochemical performance was also investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.

Graphical Abstract

Carbon-coated Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12 could be easily synthesized by the modified citric acid sol–gel method in one step. The Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12/C composite exhibited good rate capability and high Li-ion diffusion coefficient. The good performance may partially be derived from the symbiotic impurities such as Li2TiO3 and Li0.5Nd0.5TiO3, which is facile for Li+ diffusion and electron transport.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China University of Mining and Technology) (No. 2014ZDPY17).”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221008, People’s Republic of China

    Chenyang Xia & Changchun Nian

  2. School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China

    Zhao Huang & Chunming Zhang

  3. College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 301 Main Street, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA

    Ye Lin

  4. National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No.28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, People’s Republic of China

    Dan Wang & Chunming Zhang

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  1. Chenyang Xia
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  2. Changchun Nian
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  3. Zhao Huang
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  5. Dan Wang
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Correspondence to Chenyang Xia or Chunming Zhang.

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Xia, C., Nian, C., Huang, Z. et al. One-step synthesis of carbon-coated Li4Ti4.95Nd0.05O12 by modified citric acid sol–gel method for lithium-ion battery. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 75, 38–44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3672-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3672-x

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