Skip to main content
Log in

Parity in knot theory and graph-links

  • Published:
Journal of Mathematical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present monograph is devoted to low-dimensional topology in the context of two thriving theories: parity theory and theory of graph-links, the latter being an important generalization of virtual knot theory constructed by means of intersection graphs. Parity theory discovered by the second-named author leads to a new perspective in virtual knot theory, the theory of cobordisms in two-dimensional surfaces, and other new domains of topology. Theory of graph-links highlights a new combinatorial approach to knot theory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D. M. Afanas’ev, “Refining virtual knot invariants by means of parity,” Mat. Sb., 201, No. 6, 3–18 (2010); English.transl.: Sb. Math., 201, No. 6, 785-800(2010).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. D. Afanasiev, “On a generalization of the Alexander polynomial for long virtual knots,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, No. 10, 1329–1333 (2009).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. D. M. Afanasiev, V. O. Manturov, “On minimal virtual link diagrams,” 79, No. 3, 301–304 (2009) (Original Russian Text in Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 426, No. 1, 7–10 (2009)).

  4. D. M. Afanasiev, V. O. Manturov, “On virtual crossing number estimates for virtual links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, No. 6, 757–772 (2009).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. J. W. Alexander, “Topological invariants of knots and links,” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. AMS, 20, 257–306 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. W. Alexander, “A matrix knot invariant,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 19, 222–275 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  7. V. I. Arnold, “Topological invariants of plane curves and caustics,” Univ. Lect. Ser., 5 (1994).

  8. V. I. Arnold, “Plane curves, their invariants, perestroikas and classifications,” in: Singularities and Bifurcations, Adv. Soviet Math., AMS, Providence, 21, 33–91 (1994).

  9. E. Artin, “Theorie der Zöpfe,” Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg, 4, 27–72 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. Asaeda, J. Przytycki, A. Sikora, “Categorification of the Kauffman bracket skein module of I-bundles over surfaces,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 4, No. 52, 1177–1210 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. V. G. Bardakov, “The virutal and universal bradis,” Fund. Math., 184, 1–18 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. D. Bar-Natan, “On the Vassiliev knot invariants,” Topology, 34, 423–472 (1995).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. D. Bar-Natan, “On Khovanov’s categorification of the Jones polynomial,” Algebr. Geom., Topol. 2, No. 16, 337–370 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. D. Bar-Natan and S. Garoufalidis, “On the Melvin–Morton–Rozansky conjecture,” Inv. Math., 125, 103–133 (1996).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Bigelow, “Braid groups are linear,” J. Am. Math. Soc., 14, 471–486 (2001).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Bigelow, “Does the Jones polynomial detect the unknot,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 11, 493–505 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. J. S. Birman, Braids, Links and Mapping Class Groups, Princeton Univ. Press Princeton (1975) (Ann. Math. Stud., 1982).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. J. S. Birman, “New points of view in knot theory,” Bull. Am. Math. Soc. (N.S.), 28, 283–287 (1993).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. C. Blanchet, “An oriented model for Khovanov homology,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 19, No. 2, 291–312 (2010).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Bloom, “Odd Khovanov homology is mutation invariant,” Math. Res. Lett., 17, No. 1, 1–10 (2010).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Bouchet, “Circle graph obstructions,” J. Combin. Theory Ser. B., 60, 107–144 (1994).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Bouchet, “Multimatroids. I. Coverings by independent sets,” SIAM J. Discrete Math., 10, No. 4, 626–646 (1997).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. A. Bouchet, “Unimodularity and circle graphs,” Discrete Math., 66, 203–208 (1987).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Bouchet, W. H. Cunningham and J. F. Geelen, “Principally unimodular skew-symmetric matrices,” Combinatorica, 18, No. 4, 461–486 (1998).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. M. O. Bourgoin, “Twisted link theory,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 8, No. 3, 1249–1279 (2008).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. A. V. Brailov, A. T. Fomenko, “The topology of integral submanifolds of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems,” Sb. Math., 62, No. 2, 373–383 (1989).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. W. Burau, “Über Zopfgruppen und gleichzeitig verdrillte Verkettungen,” Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg, 11, 179–186 (1936).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Cairns and D. Elton, “The planarity problem for signed Gauss words,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 2, 359–367 (1993).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. G. Cairns and D. Elton, “The planarity problem. II,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 5, 137–144 (1996).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. J. S. Carter, “Closed curves that never extend to proper maps of disks,” Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 113, No. 3, 879–888 (1991).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. J. S. Carter and M. Saito, “Diagrammatic invariants of knotted curves and surfaces,” unpublished manuscript (1992).

  32. J. S. Carter, S. Kamada and M. Saito, “Stable equivalence of knots on surfaces,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 11, 311–322 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. J. S. Carter, S. Kamada, M. Saito, Surfaces in 4-space, Springer, New York (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. Cerf, “Sur les difféomorphismes de la sphère de dimension trois (Γ4 = 0),” Lecture Notes in Math., 53, Springer-Verlag, Berlin—New York (1968).

  35. A. Champanerkar and I. Kofman, “Spanning trees and Khovanov homology,” arXiv:math.GT/0607510.

  36. S. Chmutov and S. Duzhin, CDBook. Book about chord diagrams. Introduction to Vassiliev Knot Invariants, http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/~duzhin/papers/cdbook.ps.gz.

  37. S. V. Chmutov, S. V. Duzhin and S. K. Lando, “Vassiliev knot invariants. I, II, III,” Adv. Sov. Math., 21, 117–147 (1994).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  38. S. V. Chmutov and S. K. Lando, “Mutant knots and intersection graphs,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 7, 1579–1598 (2007).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Chrisman and V. O.Manturov, “Combinatorial formulae for finite-type invariants via parities,” arXiv:math.GT/1002.0539.

  40. D. Clark, S. Morrison and K. Walker, “Fixing the functoriality of Khovanov homology,” Geom. Topol. Monogr., 13, No. 3, 1499–1582 (2009).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Cohn and A. Lempel, “Cycle decomposition by disjoint transpositions,” J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, 13, 83–89 (1972).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. J. H. Conway, “An enumeration of knots and links and some of their algebraic properties,” In: Computational Problems in Abstract Algebra (New York, Pergamon Press), 329–358 (1970).

  43. H. Crapo and P. Rosenstiehl, “On lacets and their manifolds,” Discrete Math., 233, No. 1–3, 299–320 (2001).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Dehn, “Die beiden Kleeblattschlingen,” Math. Ann., 102, 402–413 (1914).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Dehn, “ Über die Topologie des dreidimensionalen Raumes,” Math. Ann., 69, 137–168 (1910).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. Yu. V. Drobotukhina, “An analogue of the Jones polynomial for links in RP3 and a generalization of the Kauffman–Murasugi theorem,” Notas Algebra Anal., 2, No. 3, 171–191 (1990).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. S. V. Duzhin and M. V. Karev, “Detecting the orientation of string links by finite type invariants,” Funkts. Anal. Prilozh., 41, No. 3, 48–59 (2007).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  48. H. A. Dye, “Detection and characterization of virtual knot diagrams,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago (2003).

  49. H. A. Dye and L. H. Kauffman, “Virtual knot diagrams and the Witten–Reshetikhin–Turaev invariants,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 14, No. 8, 1045–1075 (2005).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. H. A. Dye and L. H. Kauffman, “Minimal surface representation of virtual knots and links,” arXiv:math.GT/0401035v1.

  51. H. A Dye and L. H. Kauffman, “Virtual crossing number and the arrow polynomial,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, No. 10, 1335–1357 (2009).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. H. A. Dye, L. H. Kauffman and V. O. Manturov, “On two categorifications of the arrow polynomial for virtual knots,” The mathematics of knots, Contributions in the Mathematical and Computational Sciences 1, 95–127 (2010).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  53. Sh. Eliahou, L. H. Kauffman and M. Thistletwaite, “Infinite families of links with trivial Jones polynomial,” Topology 42, 155–169 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  54. R. A. Fenn, L. H. Kauffman and V. O. Manturov, “Virtual knot theory — unsolved problems,” Fund. Math., Proceedings of the Conference “Knots in Poland-2003” 188, 293–323 (2005).

  55. I. S. Filotti, G. L. Miller and J. Reif, “On determining the genus of a graph in O(v O(g)) steps,” In: Proc. XI Annual Symp. on Theory of Computing, ACM Press, New York 27–37 (1979).

  56. Th. Flemming and B. Mellor, “Virtual spatial graphs,” Kobe J. Math 24, 57–85 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  57. A. T. Fomenko, “The theory of multidimensional integrable hamiltonian systems (with arbitrary many degrees of freedom). Molecular table of all integrable systems with two degrees of freedom,” Adv. Sov. Math., 6, 1–35 (1991).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  58. A. T. Fomenko, “Morse theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems,” Sov. Math. Dokl., f33, No. 2, 502–506 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  59. A. T. Fomenko, “The topology of surfaces of constant energy in integrable Hamiltonian systems, and obstructions to integrability,” Izv. Math., 29, No. 3, 629–658 (1987).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  60. A. T. Fomenko, “Topological invariants of Hamiltonian systems that are integrable in the sense of Liouville,” Funct. Anal. Appl., 22, No. 4, 286–296 (1988).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  61. A. T. Fomenko, “The symplectic topology of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems,” Russ. Math. Surv., 44, No. 1, 181–219 (1989).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  62. P. Freyd, D. Yetter, J. Hoste, W. B. R. Lickorish, K. C. Millett, and A. Ocneanu, “A new polynomial invariant of knots and links,” Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 12, 239–246 (1985).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  63. S. Garoufalidis, “A conjecture on Khovanov’s invariants,” Fund. Math., 184, 99–101 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. C. F. Gauss, “Zur Mathematischen Theorie der electrodynamischen Wirkungen,” Werke Köningl. Gesell. Wiss. Göttingen, 5, 605 (1877).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Mo-Lin Ge, L. H. Kauffman and Yong Zhang, “Virtual extension of Temperley–Lieb Algebra,” arXiv:math-ph/0610052.

  66. L. Ghier, “Double occurence words with the same alternance graph,” ARS Combinatorice, 36, 57–64 (1993).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  67. A. Gibson, “Homotopy invariants of Gauss words,” arXiv:math.GT/0902.0062.

  68. A. Gibson, PhD thesis.

  69. W. Goldman, “Invariant functions on Lie groups and Hamiltonian flows of surface group representations,” Invent. Math., 85, 263–302 (1986).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  70. C. A. McGordon and J. Luecke, “Knots are determined by their complements,” J. Am. Math. Soc., 2, No. 2, 371–415 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  71. M. Goussarov, M. Polyak, and O. Viro, “Finite type invariants of classical and virtual knots,” Topology, 39, 1045–1068 (2000).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  72. M. N. Goussarov, “A new form of the Jones–Conway polynomial for oriented links,” Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otd. Math. Inst. Steklov.(POMI), 193, Geometry and Topology 1, 4–9 (1991).

  73. W. Haken, “Theorie der Normalflächen,” Acta Math. Appl. Sin. Engl. Ser., 105, 245–375 (1961).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  74. J. Hass and P. Scott, “Shortening curves on surfaces,” Topology, 33, No. 1, 25–43 (1994).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  75. G. Hemion, The classification of knots and 3-dimensional spaces, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford (1992).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  76. D. Hrencecin, “On filamentations and virtual knot invariant,” Thesis www.math.uic.edu/~dhren/FINALCOPY.ps.

  77. D. Hrencecin and L. H. Kauffman, “On filamentations and virtual knots,” Topol. Appl., 134, 23–52 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  78. A. Hurwitz, “ Über Riemannsche Fläche mit gegebenen Verzweigungspunkten,” Math. Ann., 39, 1–61 (1981).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  79. D. P. Ilyutko, “Framed 4-valent graphs: Euler tours, Gauss vircuits and rotating circuits,” arXiv:math.CO/0911.5504.

  80. D. P. Ilyutko, “An equivalence between the set of graph-knots and the set of homotopy classes of looped graphs,” arXiv:math.GT/1001.0360.

  81. D. P. Ilyutko, “Framed 4-valent graphs: Euler tours, Gauss circuits and rotating circuits,” Mat. Sb., 202, No. 9, 53–76 (2011).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  82. D. P. Ilyutko and V. O. Manturov, “Introduction to graph-link theory,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, No. 6, 791–823 (2009).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  83. D. P. Ilyutko and V. O. Manturov, “Graph-links,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 428, No. 5, 591–594 (2009); English.transl.: Dokl. Math., 80, No. 2, 739–742 (2009).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  84. D. P. Ilyutko and V. O. Manturov, “Cobordisms of free knots,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 429, No. 4, 439–441 (2009); English.transl.: Dokl. Math., 80, No. 3, 1–3 (2009).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  85. D. P. Ilyutko and V. O. Manturov, “Graph-links,” in: Proceedings of the Advanced Summer School on Knot Theory, Trieste, Series of Knots and Everything, World Scientific, pp. 135–161 (arXiv:math.GT/1001.0384).

  86. A. Ishii, N. Kamada, and S. Kamada, “The virtual magnetic Kauffman bracket skein module and skein relations for the f-polynomial,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 17, No. 6, 675–688 (2008).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  87. S. Jablan and R. Sazdanovic, LINKNOT. Knot Theory by Computer, Series on Knots and Everything — Vol. 21, World Scientific (2007).

  88. M. Jacobsson, “An invariant of link cobordisms from Khovanov’s homology theory,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 4, 1211–1251 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  89. F. Jaeger, L. H. Kauffman, and H. Saleur, “The Conway polynomial in S 3 and thickened surfaces: a new determinant formulation,” J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 61, 237–259 (1994).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  90. V. F. R. Jones, “A polynomial invariant for links via Neumann algebras,” Bull. Am. Math. Soc (N.S.), 129, 103–112 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  91. V. F. R. Jones, “Hecke algebra representations of braid groups and link polynomials,” Ann. Math., 126, 335–388 (1987).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  92. J. Jonsson, “On the number of Euler trails in directed graphs,” Math. Scand., 90, 191–214 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  93. S. Kadokami, “Detecting non-triviality of virtual links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 6, 781–819 (2003).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  94. N. Kamada, “On the Jones polynomial of checkerboard colorable virtual knots,” Osaka J. Math., 39, No. 2, 325–333 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  95. N. Kamada, “A relation of Kauffman’s f-polynomials of virtual links,” Topol. Appl., 146-147, 123–132 (2005).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  96. N. Kamada and S. Kamada, “Abstract link diagrams and virtual knots,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 9, No. 1, 93–109 (2000).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  97. N. Kamada, S. Nakabo, and S. Satoh, “A virtualized skein relation for Jones polynomial,” Illinois J. Math., 46, No. 2, 467–475 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  98. S. Kamada, “Braid presentation of virtual knots and welded knots,” Osaka J. Math., 44, No. 2, 441–458 (2007).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  99. L. H. Kauffman, On Knots, Annals of Math Studies, Princeton University Press (1987).

  100. L. H. Kauffman, Knots and Physics, World Scientific, Singapore (1991).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  101. L. H. Kauffman, “State models and the Jones polynomial,” Topology, 26, 395–407 (1987).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  102. L. H. Kauffman, “Combinatorics and knot theory,” Contemp. Math., 20, 181–200 (1983).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  103. L. H. Kauffman, “Link manifolds and periodicity,” Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 79, 570–573 (1973).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  104. L. H. Kauffman, “Virtual knot theory,” Eur. J. Combin., 20, No. 7, 663–690 (1999).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  105. L. H. Kauffman, “Detecting virtual knots,” Atti. Sem. Mat. Fis., Univ. Modena, Supplemento al vol. IL, 241–282 (2001).

  106. L. H. Kauffman, “Diagrammatic knot theory,” in preparation.

  107. L. H. Kauffman, “A self-linking invariant of virtual knots,” Fund. Math., 184, 135–158 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  108. L. H. Kauffman, “Virtual knots,” talks at MSRI Meeting, January 1997 and AMS meeting at University of Maryland, College Park, March 1997.

  109. L. H. Kauffman and S. Lambropoulou, “Virtual braids,” Fund. Math., 184, 159–186 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  110. L. H. Kauffman and S. Lambropoulou, “Virtual braids and the L-Move,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 15, No. 6, 773–811 (2006).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  111. L. H. Kauffman and V. O. Manturov, “Virtual biquandles,” Fund. Math., 188, 103–146 (2005).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  112. L. H. Kaufman and V. O. Manturov, “Virtual knots and links,” Geometric topology, discrete geometry, and set theory, Collected papers, Tr. Mat. Inst. Steklova, 252, No. 1, 114–133 (2006).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  113. L. H. Kauffman and D. Radford, “Bi-oriented quantum algebras and a generalized Alexander polynomial for virtual links,” Contemp. Math., 318, 113–140 (2002).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  114. M. Khovanov, “A categorification of the Jones polynomial,” Duke Math. J., 101, No. 3, 359–426 (1997).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  115. M. Khovanov, “A functor-valued invariant of tangles,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 2, 665–741 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  116. M. Khovanov, “Link homology and Frobenius extensions,” arXiv.math:GT/0411447.

  117. M. Khovanov, “Categorifications of the colored Jones polynomial,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 14, No. 1, 111–130 (2005).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  118. M. Khovanov and L. Rozansky, “Matrix factorizations and link homology,” arXiv.math:GT/0401268.

  119. M. Khovanov and L. Rozansky, “Matrix factorizations and link homology II,” arXiv.math:GT/0505056.

  120. M. Khovanov and L. Rozansky, “Virtual crossings, convolutions and a categorification of the SO(2N) Kauffman polynomial,” arXiv.math:GT/0701333.

  121. A. Kotzig, “Eulerian lines in finite 4-valent graphs and their transformations,” in: Theory of Graphs (Proc. Colloq., Tihany, 1966), Academic Press, New York, 219–230 (1968).

  122. D. Krammer, “Braid groups are linear,” Ann. Math., 2, No. 155, 131–156 (2002).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  123. P. B. Kronheimer and T. S. Mrowka, “Khovanov homology is an unknot-detector,” arXiv:math.GT/1005.4346.

  124. D. Yu. Krylov and V. O. Manturov, “Parity and relative parity in knot theory,” arXiv:math.GT/1101.0128.

  125. G. Kuperberg, “What is a virtual link?,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 3, 587–591 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  126. M. Las Vergnas, “Eulerian circuits of 4-valent graphs imbedded in surfaces,” In Algebraic methods in graph theory, Szeged (1978), Colloq. Math. Soc. Janos Bolyai, 25 (North-Holland, Amsterdam—New York), 451–477 (1981).

  127. E. S. Lee, “The support of the Khovanov’s invariants for alternating knots,” arXiv:math.GT/0201105.

  128. E. S. Lee, “On Khovanov invariant for alternating links,” arXiv:math.GT/0210213.

  129. S. Lins, B. Richter, and H. Shank, “The Gauss code problem off the plane,” Aequationes Math., 33, No. 1, 81–95 (1987).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  130. L. Lovász and M. Marx, “A forbidden substructure characterization of Gauss codes,” Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged), 38, No. 1–2, 115–119 (1976), short version: Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 82, No. 1, 121–122 (1976).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  131. A. Lowrance, “Heegaard–Floer homology and Turaev genus,” arXiv:math.GT/0709.0720.

  132. O. V. Manturov and V. O. Manturov, “Free knots and groups,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, No. 2, 181–186 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  133. V. O. Manturov, “Bifurcations, atoms and knots,” Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Ser. Mat. Mekh 1, 3–8 (2000); English transl.: Moscow Univ. Math. Bull., 55, No. 1, 1–7 (2000).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  134. V. O. Manturov, “Atoms, height atoms, chord diagrams, and knots. Enumeration of atoms of low complexity using Mathematica 3.0,” In: Topological Methods in Hamiltonian Systems Theory, Factorial, Moscow, 203–212 (1998).

  135. V. O. Manturov, “The bracket semigroup of knots,” Mat. Zametki, 67, No. 4, 549–562 (2000); English transl.: Math. Notes, 67, No. 4, 468–478 (2000).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  136. V. O. Manturov, Knot theory [in Russian], Moscow–Izhevsk, RCD (2005).

  137. V. O. Manturov, “Invariant polynomials of virtual links,” Tr. Mosk. Mat. Obshch., 65, No. 1, 175–200 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  138. V. O. Manturov, “On recognition of virtual braids,” Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otd. Mat. Inst. Steklov (POMI), 299, Geom. Topol., 8, 267–286 (2003); English transl.: J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.), 131, No. 1, 5409–5419 (2005).

  139. V. O. Manturov, “Invariants of virtual links,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 384, No. 1, 11–13 (2002); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 65, No. 3, 329–331 (2002).

  140. V. O. Manturov, “Atoms and minimal diagrams of virtual links,”Dokl. Akad. Nauk 391, No. 2, 166–168 (2003); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 68, No. 1, 37–39 (2003).

  141. V. O. Manturov, “The Khovanov polynomial for virtual knots,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk 398, No. 1, 15–18 (2004); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 69, No. 2, 164–167 (2004).

  142. V. O. Manturov, “Curves on surfaces, virtual knots, and the Jones–Kauffman polynomial,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk 390, No. 2, 155–157 (2003); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 67, No. 3, 326–328 (2003).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  143. V. O. Manturov, “Finite-type invariants of virtual links and the Jones–Kauffman polynomial,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk 395, No. 1, 18–21 (2004); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 69, No. 2, 164–166 (2004).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  144. V. O. Manturov, “On long virtual knots,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 401, No. 5, 595–598 (2005); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 71, No. 2, 253–255 (2005).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  145. V. O. Manturov, “Invariant two–variable polynomials for virtual links,” Usp. Mat. Nauk, 57, No. 5 (347), 141–142 (2002); English transl.: Russ. Math. Surv., 57, No. 5, 997–998 (2002).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  146. V. O. Manturov, “The Khovanov complex for virtual links,” Fundam. Prikl. Mat., 11, No. 4, 127–152 (2005); English transl.: J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.), 144, No. 5, 4451–4467 (2007).

  147. V. O. Manturov, “A proof of Vassiliev’s conjecture on the planarity of singular links,” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk: Ser. Mat., 69, No. 5, 169–178 (2005); English transl.: Izv. Math., 69, No. 5, 1025–1033 (2005).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  148. V. O. Manturov, “Combinatorial problems in virtual knot theory,” Math. Probl. Cybern., 12, 147–178 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  149. V. O. Manturov, “The Khovanov complex and minimal knot diagrams,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 406, No. 3, 308–311 (2006); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 73, No. 1, 46–48 (2006).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  150. V. O. Manturov, “Khovanov homology of virtual knots with arbitrary coefficients,” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk: Ser. Mat., 71, No. 5, 111–148 (2007); English transl.: Izv. Math., 71, No. 5, 967–999 (2007).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  151. V. O. Manturov, “Embeddings of 4-valent framed graphs into 2-surfaces,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 424, No. 3, 308–310 (2009); English transl.: Dokl. Math., 79, No. 1, 56–58 (2009).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  152. V. O. Manturov, “Additional gradings in Khovanov’s complex for thickened surfaces,” Dokl. Math., 77, No. 3, 368–370 (2008) (Original Russian Text in Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 420, No. 2, 168–171 (2008)).

  153. V. O. Manturov, “Parity and cobordisms of free knots,” Mat. Sb., in press (2011).

  154. V. O. Manturov, “Parity in knot theory,” Sb. Math., 201, No. 5, 65–110 (2010); English transl.: Mat. Sb., 201, No. 5, 693–733 (2010).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  155. V. O. Manturov, “Free knots, groups and finite-order invarinats,” Statu Nascendi.

  156. V. O. Manturov, Knot theory, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2004).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  157. V. O. Manturov, “Multivariable polynomial invariants for virtual knots and links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 12, No. 8, 1131–1144 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  158. V. O. Manturov, “Kauffman-like polynomial and curves in 2-surfaces,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 12, No. 8, 1145–1153 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  159. V. O. Manturov, “Vassiliev invariants for virtual links, curves on surfaces and the Jones-Kauffman polynomial,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 14, No. 2, 231–242 (2005).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  160. V. O. Manturov, “Long virtual knots and their invariants,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 13, No. 8, 1029–1039 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  161. V. O. Manturov, “On invariants of virtual links,” Acta Appl. Math., 72, No. 3, 295–309 (2002).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  162. V. O. Manturov, “Virtual knots and infinite–dimensional Lie algebras,” Acta Appl. Math., 83, 221–233 (2004).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  163. V. O. Manturov, “Flat hierarchy,” Fund. Math., 188, 147–154 (2005).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  164. V. O. Manturov, “Khovanov homology for virtual links with arbitrary coefficients,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 16, No. 3, 345–377 (2007).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  165. V. O. Manturov, “On free knots,” arXiv:math.GT/0901.2214.

  166. V. O. Manturov, “On free knots and links,” arXiv:math.GT/0902.0127.

  167. V. O. Manturov, “Free knots are not invertible,” arXiv:math.GT/0909.2230v2.

  168. V. O. Manturov, “Parity and cobordisms of free knots,” arXiv:math.GT/1001.2728.

  169. V. O. Manturov, “Free knots and parity,” In: Proceedings of the Advanced Summer School on Knot Theory, Trieste, Series of Knots and Everything, World Scientific, pp. 321–345 (arXiv:math.GT/0912.5348v1).

  170. V. O. Manturov, “Additional gradings in Khovanov homology,” Topology and Physics. Dedicated to the Memory of X-S.Lin, Nankai Tracts in Mathematics, World Scientific, Singapore, 266–300 (2008).

  171. V. O. Manturov, “Embeddings of four-valent framed graphs into 2-surfaces,” The mathematics of knots, Contributions in the Mathematical and Computational Sciences, 1, 209–238 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  172. A. A. Markoff, “ Über die freie Äquivalenz der geschlossenen Zöpfe,” Sb. Math., 1, 73–78 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  173. S. V. Matveev, Algorithmic Topology and Classification of 3-manifolds, Springer-Verlag, New York (2003).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  174. A. McDougall, “A Diagramless link homology,” arXiv:math.GT/0911.2518.

  175. B. Mellor, “A few weight systems arising from intersection graphs,” Michigan Math. J., 51, 509–536 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  176. W. Menasco and M. Thistlethwaite, “A classification of alternating links,” Ann. Math., 138, 113–171 (1993).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  177. Y. Miyazawa, “Magnetic graphs and an invariant for virtual links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 15, No. 10, 1319–1334 (2006).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  178. Y. Miyazawa, “A multi-variable polynomial invariant for virtual knots and links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 17, No. 11, 1311–1326 (2008).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  179. G. Moran, “Chords in a circle and linear algebra over GF(2),” J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, 37, 239–247 (1984).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  180. K. Murasugi, “The Jones polynomial and classical conjectures in knot theory,” Topology, 26, 187–194 (1987).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  181. C. St. J. A. Nash-Williams, “Connected detachments of graphs and generalized Euler trails,” J. London Math. Soc. (2) 31, No. 1, 17–29 (1985).

  182. S. Nelson, “Unknotting virtual knots with Gauss diagram forbidden moves,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 10, No. 6, 931–935 (2001).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  183. I. Nikonov, “Khovanov homology of graph-links,” arXiv:math.GT/1005.2812.

  184. I. Nikonov, “Odd Khovanov homology of principally unimodular bipartite graph-links,” arXiv:math.GT/1006.0161.

  185. T. Ohtsuki, Quantum invariants. A Study of Knots, 3-manifolds, and their Sets, World Scientific, Singapore (2001).

  186. Olof-Petter Östlund, “Invariants of knot diagrams and relations among Reidemeister moves,” arXiv:math.GT/0005108.

  187. P. Ozsváth, J. Rasmussen, and Z. Szab´o, “Odd Khovanov homology,” arXiv:math.QA/0710.4300.

  188. P. Ozsváth and Z. Szabó, “Holomorphic disks and knot invariants,” Adv. Math., 186, No. 1, 58–116 (2004).

  189. M. Polyak and O. Viro, “Gauss diagram formulae for Vassiliev invariants,” Int. Math. Res. Not., 11, 445–453 (1994).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  190. J. A. Rasmussen, “Khovanov homology and the slice genus,” arXiv:math.GT/0402131.

  191. J. A. Rasmussen, “Floer homology and knot complements,” PhD thesis, Harvard University, 2003, arXiv:math.GT/0306378.

  192. J. A. Rasmussen, “Some differentials on Khovanov–Rozansky homology,” arXiv:math.GT/0607544.

  193. R. C. Read and P. Rosenstiehl, “On the Gauss crossing problem,” Colloq. Math. Soc. Janos Bolyai, North-Holland, Amsterdam, and New York, 843–876 (1976).

  194. K. Reidemeister, Knotentheorie, Springer, Berlin (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  195. S. Satoh, “Virtual knot presentation of ribbon torus-knots,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 9, No. 4, 531–542 (2000).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  196. J. Sawollek, “On Alexander–Conway polynomials for virtual knots and links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 12, No. 6, 767–779 (2003).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  197. J. Sawollek, “An orinetation-sensitive Vassiliev invarinats for virtual knots,” arXiv:math.GT/0203123.

  198. A. Shumakovitch, “Torsion of the Khovanov homology,” arXiv:math.GT/0405474.

  199. H. Schubert, “Die Eindeutige Zerlegbarkeit eines Knotens in Primknoten,” Sitz. ber. SË achs. Akad. Wiss. Leipz. Math.-Nat.wiss. Kl., 3, 57–104 (1949).

  200. D. S. Silver and S. G. Williams, “Alexander groups and virtual links,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 10, No. 1, 151–160 (2001).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  201. D. S. Silver and S. G. Williams, “Alexander groups of long virtual knots,” preprint (2004).

  202. E. Soboleva, “Vassiliev knot invariants coming from Lie algebras and 4-invariants,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 10, No. 1, 161–169 (2001).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  203. A. Stoimenov, V. Tchernov, and A. Vdovina, “The canonical genus of a classical and virtual knot,” Proceedings of the Conference on Geometric and Combinatorial Group Theory, Part II, Haifa 2000; Geom. Dedicata, 95, 215–225 (2002).

  204. M. Thistlethwaite, “A spanning tree expansion for the Jones polynonial,” Topology, 26, 297–309 (1987).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  205. M. Thistlethwaite, “On the Kauffman polynomial of an adequate link,” Invent. Math., 93, No. 2, 285–296 (1988).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  206. L. Traldi, “Binary nullity, Euler circuits and interlace polynomials,” arXiv:math.CO/0903.4405.

  207. L. Traldi, “A bracket polynomial for graphs. II. Links, Euler circuits and marked graphs,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 19, 547–586 (2010).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  208. L. Traldi, “A bracket polynomial for graphs. III. Vertex weights,” arXiv:math.GT, math.CO/0905.4879.

  209. L. Traldi, “A bracket polynomial for graphs, IV. Undirected Euler circuits, graph-links and multiply marked graphs,” arXiv:math.GT, math.CO/1003.1560.

  210. L. Traldi and L. Zulli, “A bracket polynomial for graphs,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, 1681–1709 (2009).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  211. V. G. Turaev, “A simple proof of the Murasugi and Kauffman theorems on alternating links,” Enseignement Mathematique (2) 33, No. 3–4, 203–225 (1987).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  212. V. G. Turaev, An Introduction to the Combinatorial Torsion [in Russian], MCNMO (2004).

  213. V. G. Turaev, “Virtual strings and their cobordisms,” arXiv:math.GT/0311185

  214. V. G. Turaev, “Algebras of loops on surfaces, algebras of knots, and quantization,” Braid Group, Knot Theory and Statistical Mechanis (C. N. Yang and M. L. Ge, eds), Math. Phys., 9, World Scientific, Singapore, 59–95 (1989).

  215. V. G. Turaev, “Cobordisms of words,” arXiv:math.CO/0511513v2.

  216. V. G. Turaev, “Topology of words,” Proc. London Math. Soc., 95, No. 3, 360–412 (2007).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  217. V. G. Turaev, “Virtual open strings and their cobordisms,” arXiv:math.GT/0311185v5.

  218. V. Turaev, “Knots and words,” arXiv:math.GT/0506390v1.

  219. V. G. Turaev, “Skein quantization of Poisson algebras of loops on surfaces,” Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup., 4, No. 24, 635–704 (1991).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  220. V. G. Turaev and P. Turner, “Unoriented topological quantum field theory and link homology,” Algebr. Geom. Topol., 6, 1069–1093 (2006).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  221. W. T. Tutte, “A homotopy theorem for matroids I, II,” Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 88, 144–174 (1958).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  222. V. A. Vassiliev, “Cohomology of knot spaces, in Theory of Singularities and its applications,” Adv. Sov. Math., 1, 23–70 (1990).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  223. V. A. Vassiliev, Complements of Discriminants of Smooth Maps: Topology and Applications, Second extended edition, Translations of Math. Monographs, 98, AMS, Providence, RI (1994).

  224. V. A. Vassiliev, “First-order invariants and first–order cohomology for spaces of embeddings of self-intersecting curves in \( {{\mathbb{R}}^n} \),” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk Ser. Mat. 69, No. 5, 3–52 (2005); English transl.: Izv. Math., 69, No. 5, 865–912 (2005).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  225. V. Vershinin, “On homology of virtual braids and Burau representation,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 18, No. 5, 795–812 (2001).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  226. O. Viro, “Remarks on definition of Khovanov homology,” arXiv:math.GT/0202199.

  227. O. Viro, “Virtual links and orientations of chord diagrams,” In: Proceedings of the Gökova Conference-2005, International Press, 187–212.

  228. P. Vogel, Algebraic Structures on Modules of Diagrams, Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, Prépublication 32, revised in 1997, http://www.math.jussieu.fr/vogel/.

  229. S. Wehrli, “Khovanov homology and Conway mutations,” arXiv:math.GT/0301312.

  230. S. Wehrli, “A spanning tree model for the Khovanov homology,” J. Knot Theory Ramif., 17, No. 12, 1561–1574 (2008).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  231. M. V. Zenkina, V. O. Manturov, “An invariant of links in a thickened torus,” Zap. Nauchn. Sem., S.-Peterburg. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (POMI) 372, Geom. Topol., 11, 5–18 (2009).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. P. Ilyutko.

Additional information

Translated from Sovremennaya Matematika. Fundamental’nye Napravleniya (Contemporary Mathematics. Fundamental Directions), Vol. 41, Topology, 2011.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ilyutko, D.P., Manturov, V.O. & Nikonov, I.M. Parity in knot theory and graph-links. J Math Sci 193, 809–965 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10958-013-1499-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10958-013-1499-y

Keywords

Navigation