Abstract
Pastors serving low-income urban areas are first-responders to emotional issues by default, since fewer mental health resources are available. Thus, it is important to understand how pastors serving urban resource-poor areas reflect on their counseling role. Forty-eight Black, Hispanic, and White pastors with urban congregations in Los Angeles or Chicago reflect on their pastoral calling and its relation to their counseling role. Through phenomenology, the pastors’ lived experiences as they counseled in an urban context were explored. Analysis revealed complex feelings about their counseling role in light of their resource-poor environments. Recommendations are provided based on the findings.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This will be discussed in detail in a future manuscript.
References
Benes, K. M., Walsh, J. M., McMinn, M. R., Dominguez, A. W., & Aikins, D. C. (2000). Psychology and the church: An exemplar of psychologist–clergy collaboration. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(5), 515.
Benner, D. G. P. (1998). Care of souls: Revisioning Christian nurture and counsel. Grand Rapids: Baker Books.
Bledsoe, S., Setterlund, K., Connolly, M., & Adams, C. (2011). Promoting emotional well-being among southern California parishioners through clergy/mental health practitioner collaboration. Pittsburgh, PA: North American Association of Christians in Social Work Conference Official Publication.
Chatters, L. M., Mattis, J. S., Woodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., Neighbors, H. W., & Grayman, N. A. (2011). Use of ministers for a serious personal problem among African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 118–127. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01079.x.
Chow, J. C.-C., Jaffee, K., & Snowden, L. (2003). Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services in poverty areas. American Journal of Public Health, 93(5), 792–797. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.5.792.
Christopherson, R. W. (1994). Calling and career in Christian ministry. Review of Religious Research, 35, 219–237.
Cooper, L. A., Gonzales, J. J., Gallo, J. J., Rost, K. M., Meredith, L. S., Rubenstein, L. V., et al. (2003). The acceptability of treatment for depression among African-American, Hispanic, and White primary care patients. Medical Care, 41(4), 479–489.
Davis, R. G., Ressler, K. J., Schwartz, A. C., Stephens, K. J., & Bradley, R. G. (2008). Treatment barriers for low-income, urban African Americans with undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 218–222. doi:10.1002/jts.20313.
Doolittle, B. R. (2007). Burnout and coping among parish-based clergy. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10(1), 31–38.
Dyer, J. (2010). Challenging assumptions: Clergy perspectives and practices regarding intimate partner violence. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 29(1), 33–48.
Ellison, C. G., Vaaler, M. L., Flannelly, K. J., & Weaver, A. J. (2006). The clergy as a source of mental health assistance: What Americans believe. Review of Religious Research, 48, 190–211.
Gonsiorek, J. C., Richards, P. S., Pargament, K. I., & McMinn, M. R. (2009). Ethical challenges and opportunities at the edge: Incorporating spirituality and religion into psychotherapy. Faculty Publications: Grad School of Clinical Psychology. Paper 158, 1–11. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/gscp_fac/158.
Groenewald, T. (2003). Growing talented people through cooperative education: A phenomenological exploration. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 4(2), 49–61.
Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 42–55.
Hammersley, M. (2000). Taking sides in social research: Essays on partisanship and bias. London: Routledge.
Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
Husserl, E. (2006). The basic problems of phenomenology: From the lectures, winter semester, 1910–1911 (Vol. 12). Dordrecht: Springer.
Hycner, R. H. (1985). Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Human Studies, 8(3), 279–303.
Lee, C., & Fredrickson, K. (2012). That their work will be a joy: Understanding and coping with the challenges of pastoral ministry. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
McGrath, A. (1999). Calvin and the Christian calling. First Things, The Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life, 94, 31–35.
Meador, K. G., Koenig, H. G., Hughes, D. C., Blazer, D. G., George, L. K., & Turnbull, J. (1992). Religious affiliation and major depression. Psychiatric Services, 43(12), 1204–1208.
Meek, K. R., McMinn, M. R., Brower, C. M., Burnett, T. D., McRay, B. W., Ramey, M. L., et al. (2003). Maintaining personal resiliency: Lessons learned from evangelical protestant clergy. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(4), 339–347.
Milstein, G. (2003). Clergy and psychiatrists: Opportunities for expert dialogue. Psychiatric Times, 20(3), 2. Retrieved from UBM Medica website http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/47231?page.
Milstein, G., Manierre, A., & Yali, A. M. (2010). Psychological care for persons of diverse religions: A collaborative continuum. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(5), 371.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Neighbors, H. W., Musick, M. A., & Williams, D. R. (1998). The African American minister as a source of help for serious personal crises: Bridge or barrier to mental health care? Health Education and Behavior, 25(6), 759–777.
Park, A., Watson, N., & Galloway-Gilliam, L. (2008). South Los Angeles health equity scorecard. Los Angeles: Community Health Councils. Retrieved at http://chc-inc.org/downloads/South%20LA%20Scorecard.pdf.
Payne, J. S. (2009). Variations in pastors’ perceptions of the etiology of depression by race and religious affiliation. Community Mental Health Journal, 45(5), 355–365.
Pescosolido, B. A., & Boyer, C. A. (1999). How do people come to use mental health services? Current knowledge and changing perspectives. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (pp. 392–411). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sun Times Staff. (2015, April 24). ‘Devastating’ closure of mental health centers to hit 10,000 patients next month. Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved at http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/devastating-closure-of-mental-health-centers-to-hit-10000-patients-next-month/.
Smith, G. T. (2011). Courage and calling: Embracing your god-given potential. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Stansbury, K. L., Harley, D. A., King, L., Nelson, N., & Speight, G. (2012). African American clergy: What are their perceptions of pastoral care and pastoral counseling? Journal of Religion and Health, 51(3), 961–969.
Steger, M. F., Pickering, N. K., Shin, J. Y., & Dik, B. J. (2010). Calling in work secular or sacred? Journal of Career Assessment, 18(1), 82–96.
Stevens, R. P. (1999). The other six days: Vocation, work, and ministry in biblical perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Taylor, R. J., Ellison, C. G., Chatters, L. M., Levin, J. S., & Lincoln, K. D. (2000). Mental health services in faith communities: The role of clergy in black churches. Social Work, 45(1), 73–87.
Tisdale, T. C., Doehring, C. E., & Lorraine-Poirier, V. (2002). Three voices, one song: A psychologist, spiritual director, and pastoral counselor share perspectives on providing care. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(1), 52–68.
Wang, P. S., Berglund, P. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2003). Patterns and correlates of contacting clergy for mental disorders in the United States. Health Services Research, 38(2), 647–673. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.00138.
Weaver, A. J., Larson, D. B., Flannelly, K. J., Stapleton, C. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2002). Mental health issues among clergy and other religious professionals: A review of research. Journal of Pastoral Care and Counseling, 56(4), 393–403.
Williams, D. R., & Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: The African American experience. Ethnicity and Health, 5(3–4), 243–268.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank all of the pastors and church leaders serving in the trenches in urban areas who willingly made time from their busy and often hectic schedules to be a part of this study.
Funding
This study was funded by the John Templeton Foundation (Grant #36074 and #57974).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Payne, J.S. “It’s Kind of a Dichotomy”: Thoughts Related to Calling and Purpose from Pastors Working and Counseling in Urban Resource-Poor Communities. J Relig Health 56, 1419–1435 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0363-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0363-7