Abstract
Despite strong religious influence in the development of medicine and medical ethics, religion has been relatively absent in the rise of preventive medicine and population health. Episodic, clinical medicine has a powerful hold on the religious imagination in health care. Nevertheless, Hebrew Scripture, elements of rabbinical teaching, and modern concepts of social justice all can be used to inspire action in health care that goes beyond clinical medicine. The Christian tradition can call upon the corporal works of mercy, virtue ethics, and Catholic social teaching, as well as the modern history Catholic sisters in the U.S. to do the same. By considering the moral imperative for public health, Jewish and Christian individuals and organizations reaffirm the notion that the human person is both sacred and social. This article suggests a need for religious traditions to consider their moral traditions anew with an eye toward prevention and population health.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Medical Association. (2016). Trends in health care spending. https://www.ama-assn.org/content/trends-health-care-spending.
Berwick, D. M., Nolan, T. W., & Whittington, J. (2008). The triple aim: Care, health, and cost. Health Affairs (Millwood), 27(3), 759–769. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.759.
Braveman, P., & Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: It’s time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Reports, 129(Supp 2), 19–31.
CDC Foundation. (2016). What is public health? http://www.cdcfoundation.org/content/what-public-health.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Ten great public health achievement—United States, 1900–1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, 48(12), 241–243. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). CDC national health report: Leading causes of morbidity and morality and associated behavioral risk and protective factors–United States, 2005–2013. Atlanta, GA: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2016). National health expenditure fact sheet. https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/nhe-fact-sheet.html.
Chen, M., Unruh, M., Pesko, M., Jung, H.-Y., Miranda, Y., Cea, M.,··· Casalino, L. P. (2016). Hospitals’ engagement in population health: Moving past the medicine and into the community. http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/04/05/hospitals-engagement-in-population-health-moving-past-the-medicine-and-into-the-community/.
Churchill, L. R. (1987). Rationing health care in America. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
Curran, C. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1980). The distinctiveness of Christian ethics. New York: Paulist Press.
Daly, D. J. (2010). Structures of virtue and vice. New Blackfriars, 92, 341–357.
Daniels, N., & Sabin, J. E. (2008). Setting limits fairly: Learning to share resources for health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Farmer, P. (2004). Pathologies of power: Health, human rights, and the new war on the poor. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Farmer, P., & Gutierrez, G. (2013). In the company of the poor: Conversations with Dr. Paul Farmer and Fr. Gustavo Gutierrez. New York: Orbis Books.
Franck, I. (1983). Understanding Jewish biomedical ethics: Reflections on the papers. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 8(3), 207–215.
Goodman, R. A., Bunnell, R., & Posner, S. F. (2014). What is community health? Examining the meaning of an evolving field in public health. Preventive Medicine, 67, S58–S61.
Jacobson, D. M., & Teutsch, S. (2012). An environmental scan of integrated approaches for defining and measuring total population health by the clinical care system, the government public health system and stakeholder organizations. Retrieved from Oakland, CA. http://www.improvingpopulationhealth.org/PopHealthPhaseIICommissionedPaper.pdf.
Jakobovits, I. (1959). Jewish medical ethics: A comparative and historical study of the Jewish religious attitude to medicine and its practice. New York: Bloch Publishing Company.
Kass, N. E. (2001). An ethics framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 91(11), 1776–1782.
Kindig, D. (2015). What are we talking about when we talk abotu population health? http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/04/06/what-are-we-talking-about-when-we-talk-about-population-health/.
Kindig, D., & Stoddart, G. (2003). What is population health? American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 380–383.
Levin, J. (2012). Jewish ethical themes that should inform the national healthcare discussion: A prolegomenon. Journal of Religion and Health, 51, 589–600. doi:10.1007/s10943-012-9617-6.
Levin, J. (2014). Faith-based partnerships for population health: Challenges, initiatives, and prospects. Public Health Reports, 129, 127–131.
Mann, J. M. (1997). Medicine and public health, ethics and human rights. Hastings Center Report, 27(3), 6–13.
McGuinness, M. M. (2013). Called to serve: A history of nuns in America. New York: New York University Press.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2014). Public health: Ethical issues. Retrieved from London. http://nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Public-health-ethical-issues.pdf.
Pellegrino, E. D. (1999). Healing and being healed: A christian perspective. In E. D. Pellegrino & A. I. Faden (Eds.), Jewish and catholic bioethics: An ecumenical dialogue (pp. 115–126). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Pew Research Center. (2015). Religious landscape survey. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/.
Pope John Paul II. (1987). Solicitudo rei socialis. Retrieved from Vatican City.
Ramsey, P. (1970). The patient as person; explorations in medical ethics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rosner, F. R. (1999). The imperative to heal in traditional judaism. In E. D. Pellegrino & A. I. Faden (Eds.), Jewish and catholic bioethics: An ecumenical dialogue (pp. 99–105). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Rosner, F. (2007). Contemporary biomedical ethical issues and Jewish law. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Pub. House.
Rozier, M. (2014). A catholic case for public health. Health Care Ethics USA, 22(2), 1–11.
Rozier, M. (2016). Structures of virtue as a framework for public health ethics. Public Health Ethics, 9(1), 37–45.
Satcher, D. (1999). Engaging faith communities as partners in improving community health. Atlanta, GA: Paper presented at the CDC/ATSDR.
Schroeder, S. A. (2007). Shattuck lecture. We can do better–improving the health of the American people. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(12), 1221–1228. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa073350.
Stulberg, D. B., Lawrence, R. E., Shattuck, J., & Curlin, F. A. (2010). Religious hospitals and primary care physicians: Conflicts over policies for patient care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(7), 725–730. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1329-6.
Thomasma, D. C. (1999). The sanctity-of-human-life doctrine. In E. D. Pellegrino & A. I. Faden (Eds.), Jewish and catholic bioethics: An ecumenical dialogue (pp. 54–73). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Warhover, A. (2014). Zip code overrides DNA code when it comes to a healthy community. http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/01/30/zip-code-overrides-dna-code-when-it-comes-to-a-healthy-community/.
White, K. R. (2000). Hospitals sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church: Separate, equal, and distinct? The Milbank Quarterly, 78(2), 213–239, 150.
Zoloth, L. (1999). Health care and the ethics of encounter: A jewish discussion of social justice. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Alexander Jarosev for significant background research on this topic and would like to thank Peter Jacobson and Charley Willison for comments on previous drafts of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Michael Rozier has received research grants from Catholic Health Association.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rozier, M. Religion and Public Health: Moral Tradition as Both Problem and Solution. J Relig Health 56, 1052–1063 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0357-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0357-5