Skip to main content
Log in

What I Look Like: College Women, Body Image, and Spirituality

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Religion and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite public acknowledgment of the importance of spiritual development, little has been written globally on female young adults’ personal views of their spiritual values and body image. This article briefly presents the findings of a pilot study that explored female college students’ reflections on body image and spirituality. Responses from participants showed that (1) many students are interested in faith and spiritual development; (2) body dissatisfaction affects those women who viewed themselves as spiritual (92%) as well as those who said they were free thinkers (49%). Nevertheless, religion and spiritual values seemed to confer some behavioral protection. Implications for educational programs that will address the spiritual dimension of learning are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akan, G. E., & Grilo, C. M. (1995). Sociocultural influences on eating attitudes and Behaviors, body image, and psychological functioning: a comparison of African-American, Asian-American, and Caucasian college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 181–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W., Astin, H. S., & Lindholm, J. A. (2005). The spiritual lives of college students: A national study of students’ search for meaning and purpose. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., & Carper, J. C. (1998). Spirituality and the public schools: An evangelical perspective. Educational Leadership, 56(4), 33–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Rude, S. P. (2003). Spiritual development in childhood and adolescence: Toward a field of inquiry. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 205–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosacki, S. L. (1997). Reconnecting the mind and the body: Holistic education for preadolescents. Holistic Education Review, 10, 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosacki, S. L. (2001). Spirituality, gendered subjectivities, and education in adolescent girls: Canadian adolescent girls’ reflections on gender-roles and their sense of self. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 6(2), 217–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchko, K. J. (2004). Religious beliefs and practices of college women as compared to college men. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buhrich, N. (1981). Frequency of presentation of anorexia nervosa in Malaysia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 153–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, D. A. (1994). When is spirituality spiritual? Reflections on some problems of definition. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 37, 381–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F. (1990). The psychology of physical appearance: Aesthetics, attributes, and images. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 51–79). New York: Guilford.

  • Chen, K., & Tan, C. S. (2006). Education and services for children and youth with emotional/behavioral problems in Singapore. Preventing School Failure, 50(2), 37–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colson, C. (2010). The millennial generation: Do they know what they believe? Retrieved from http://www.breakpoint.org/commentaries.

  • Coward, R. (1984). Female desire: Women’s sexuality today. London: Paladin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dantley, M. E. (2003). Purpose-driven leadership: The spiritual imperative to guiding schools beyond high-stakes testing and minimum 163 proficiency [Electronic version]. Education and Urban Society, 35, 273–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C., & Katzman, M. (1997). Charting new territory: Body esteem, weight satisfaction, depression, and self-esteem among Chinese males and females in Hong Kong. Sex Roles, 36, 449–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennison, C., & Coleman, J. (2000). Young people and gender: A review of research. London: Women’s Unit and Cabinet Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling, E. M., Gestsdottir, S., Anderson, P. M., von Eye, A., Almerigi, J., & Lerner, R. M. (2004). Structural relations among spirituality, religiosity, and thriving in adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 8(1), 7–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forxworth, M. (1995). Putting spirituality in public schools. Tikkun, 13(6), 51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. Journal of Psychology, 136, 581–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. M. (1991). Eating disorders inventory-2. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner, D. (1997). Survey says: Body image poll results. Psychology Today. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199702/survey-says-body-image-poll-results.

  • King, P. E. (2003). Religion and identity: The role of ideological, social, and spiritual contexts. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 197–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm, J. A. (2007). Spirituality and the academy: Reintegrating our lives and the lives of our students. About Campus, 12(4), 10–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, G. (2005). Problem girls: Understanding and supporting troubled and troublesome girls and young women. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Love, P. (2002). Comparing spiritual development and cognitive development. Journal of College Student Development, 43(3), 357–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markstrom, C. A. (1999). Religious involvement and adolescent psychosocial development. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 205–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, L. M. (2000). Contradictions of school reform: Educational costs of standardized testing. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary Online. (2010). Body image (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/body+image.

  • Miller, J. P. (2002). Learning from a spiritual perspective. In E. O’Sullivant & M. A. O’Connor (Eds.), Expanding the boundaries of transformative learning: Essays on theory and praxis (pp. 95–102). New York: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (2009a). Our education system. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/.

  • Ministry of Education. (2009b). Education in Singapore. Singapore: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monteath, S. A., & McCabe, M. P. (1997). The influence of societal factors on female body image. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 708–727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Youth Council. (2007). A to Z guide on youth in Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov.sg/research/atoz.asp#Religion.

  • Nieto-Garcia, F. J., Bush, T. L., & Keyl, P. M. (1990). Body mass definitions of obesity: Sensitivity and specificity using self-reported weight and height. Epidemiology, 1, 146–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, P. (2002). Building bridges cross-culturally: A case study. In F. Tan (Ed.), Pathways: The road to mentoring. Singapore Bible College: Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, J. (1992). Body mania. Psychologv Today, 2(1), 56–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilder, P. (1935). The image and appearance of the human body: Studies in the constitutative energies of the psyche. London: Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, E. (1968). Pneuma, pneumatikos. In G. Friedrich (Ed.), Theological dictionary of the New Testament (Vol. VI, pp. 332–455). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainback, S., & Stainback, W. (1988). Understanding and conducting qualitative research. Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. L. (2007). TAF programme anorexia bulimia and dieting. Lianhe Zaobao, 8(4), 24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, J. R. (1960). A further investigation of body cathexis and the self. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, K. C., & Tan, C. (2010). Exploring the spiritual needs of adolescent girls. Religion and Education, 37(2), 146–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaili Chen Zhang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, K.C. What I Look Like: College Women, Body Image, and Spirituality. J Relig Health 52, 1240–1252 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9566-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9566-0

Keywords

Navigation