Skip to main content
Log in

A Validation Study of the Brief Irrational Thoughts Inventory

  • Published:
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examines the reliability and validity of the “Brief Irrational Thoughts Inventory” (BITI) in a sample of 256 justice-involved youths. The BITI is a questionnaire used to determine the nature and severity of irrational thoughts related to aggressive (externalizing), sub-assertive (internalizing), and distrust-related behavior in adolescents with conduct problems. The results of this study demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability and supported validity of the BITI in terms of construct, convergent, concurrent and divergent validity. Construct validity was assessed using a confirmatory factor analysis. The BITI proved to be measurement invariant for sex and ethnic origin, i.e., the results indicated that items were interpreted in a similar way by boys and girls as well as native and non-native Dutch respondents. The BITI also proved to be insensitive to intelligence, education, and age (divergent validity). However, weak to moderate correlations were found between the degree of social desirability and irrational thoughts related to aggressive (externalizing) and distrust-related behavior (BITI). Finally, concurrent validity was satisfactory, with the exception of thoughts related to sub-assertive (internalizing) behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. (1993). Taxonomy and comorbidity of conduct problems: Evidence from empirically based approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 51–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2011). IBM SPSS Amos 20 user’s guide. SPSS Inc: Amos Development Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy; the exercise of control. New York: Freeman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barash, D. P., & Lipton, J. E. (2011). Payback: Why We Retaliate, Redirect Aggression, and Take Revenge. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., Gibbs, J. C., Potter, G. B., & Liau, A. K. (2001). How I Think (HIT) Questionnaire Manual. Illinois: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., Hawkins, M. A., & Camelia, C. R. T. (2008). Specificity of cognitive distortions to antisocial behaviours. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18, 104–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., & Landau, J. R. (2000). Cognitive distortions and problem behaviors in adolescents. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 27, 36–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. S. (2005). Cognitive therapy for challenging problems: What to do when the basics don’t work. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., & Commandeur, J. J. F. (2008). Multivariate analysis. An introduction to criminologists are debating this and other social scientists. Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugman, D., Nas, C. N., van der Velden, F., Barriga, A. Q., Gibbs, J. C., Potter, G. B., et al. (2011). How I think questionnaire, Manual. Amsterdam: Boom test uitgevers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005). Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (1998). Cross-cultural comparisons using noninvariant measurement items. Apllied Behavioral Science Review, 6, 93–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, D., Lynn, S. J., & Ellis, A. (2010). Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, J. D. (2007). ‘Dire Straits’, An Ethnographic Inquiry Into Ob- trusive Delinquent Group Activity Of Moroccan Boys. Amsterdam: Aksant.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lange, M., & Albrecht, G. (2006). The place of cognitions within a method of competence. Amsterdam: PI Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deković, M., Buist, K., & Reitz, E. (2004). Stability and changes in problem behavior during adolescence: Latent growth analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiGiuseppe, R., Doyle, K., Dryden, W., & Backx, W. (2013). A practitioner’s guide to Rational-Emotive Therapy (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Do, C. B., & Batzoglou, S. (2008). What is the expectation maximization algorithm? Nature Biotechnology, 26(8), 897–899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K.A. (2006). Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems. Development And Psychopathology, 18(3), 791–814. Cambridge: University Press.

  • Donnellan, M. B., Trzeniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Revised and updated. New York: Carol Publishing 5052 Group.

  • Elosua, P. (2011). Assessing Measurement Equivalence in Ordered-Categorical Data. Psicológica, 32, 403–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, R. D., & Hamilton, S. P. (2003). Lifetime comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder and anxiety disorders among adults in the community. Psychiatry Research, 117, 159–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogsteder, L. M. (2012). Manual Irrational Thoughts Inventory. Tingkah: Castricum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, G., Muller, N., & ten Brink, E. (2001). To extricate. Rational-highly emotive therapy and other cognitive behavior therapy in children and adolescents. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazemian, L., & Maruna, S. (2009). Desistance from Crime, in Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J.and Penly Hall, G. (eds). Handbook on crime and Deviance, New York: Springer.

  • Kotchick, B. A., & Grover, R. L. (2008). Implementing evidence-based treatments with culturally diverse clients. In M. Roberts, D. Elkind, & R. Steele (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents (pp. 487–550). Sage Publications.

  • Lange, A., Dehghani, B., & de Beurs, E. (1995). Validation of the Dutch adaptation of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 229–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, A., Hoogendoorn, M., & Wiederspahn, A. (2005). E Beurs de Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory - Dutch, BDHI-D. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lardén, M., Melin, L., Holst, U., & Långström, N. (2006). Moral judgement, cognitive distortions and empathy in incarcerated delinquent and community control adolescents. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12(5), 453–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, A. K., Barriga, A. Q., & Gibbs, J. C. (1998). Relations between self-serving cognitive distortions and overt vs. covert antisocial behavior in adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 335–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J.E., & Lenhart L. (2000). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Aggressive children. Effects of schema’s. In Kendall, Ph. C. (red.), Child & Adolescent Therapy. Cognitive Behavioral Procedures (pp.31–87). London/New York: Guilford Press.

  • Luteijn, F., & Barelds, D. P. F. (2004). GIT-2 Groninger Intelligentie Test. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruna, S., & Mann, R. (2006). A fundamental attribution error? Rethinking cognitive distortions. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 155–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, W. A. (2001). Self-esteem and delinquency revisited (again): A test of Kaplan’s self-derogation theory of delinquency using latent growth curve modeling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 83–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthys, W. (2011). Behavioral Problems in children, diagnosis and treatment for the professional. Amsterdam: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, H., & Chervany, N. 2001. Trust and distrust definitions: One bite at a time. In Falcone, R.; Singh, M. P.; and Tan, Y.-H (Eds.), Trust in Cyber-Societies: Integrating the Human and Artificial Perspectives, number 2246 in Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 27–54. Springer.

  • Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525–542.

  • Mills, J. F., Loza, W., & Kroner, D. G. (2003). Predictive validity despite social desirability: Evidence for the robustness of self-report among offenders. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 13, 144–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nas, C. (2005). ‘EQUIPping’ delinquent male adolescents to think pro-socially. Academisch proefschrift: Universiteit Utrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nas, C. N., Brugman, D., & Koops, W. (2008). Measuring self-serving cognitive distortions with the “How I Think” Questionnaire. European Journal of psychological Assessment, 24, 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & van Dierendonck, D. (1992). The reliability and validity of the Utrecht Coping Inventory. A longitudinal study among school-leavers. Gedrag Gezond, 20, 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreurs, P. J. G., van de Willige, G., Brosschot, J. F., Tellegen, B., & Graus, G. M. H. (1993). De Utrecht Coping Inventory: UCL. Lisse: Swets en Zeitlinger b.v.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. (1989). Assessment in rational-emotive therapy: Empirical access to the ABCD model. In M. E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), Inside rational-emotive therapy: A critical appraisal of the theory and therapy of Albert Ellis (pp. 135–153). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, G. W. J. M., Pels, T., Bengi-Arslan, L., Verhulst, F. C., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Crijnen, A. A. M. (2003). Parent, teacher and self-reported problem behavior in the Netherlands: Comparing Moroccan immigrant with Dutch and with Turkish immigrant children and adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 576–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the Beginning: An Introduction to Coefficient Alpha and Internal Consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 99–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudak, D. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy for clinicians. Hagerstwon: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Helm, G. H. P., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2012). Conflict and coping by clients and group workers in secure residential facilities. In K. Oei & M. Groenhuizen (Eds.), Progression in Forensic Psychiatry: About Boundaries. Amsterdam: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Put, C. E., Dekovic, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Hoeve, M., & Van der Laan, P. H. (2012). The importance of early intervention in juvenile delinquency: Research on the links between risk factors and recidivism at different ages. Child and Adolescent, 33, 2–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallinius, M., Johansson, P., Lardén, M., & Dernevik, M. (2011). Self-serving cognitive distortions and antisocial behaviour among adults and adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 286–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E., Findling, R., & Calabrese, J. (2003). Who are the comorbid adolescents? agreement between psychiatric diagnosis, youth, parent, and teacher report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 231–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zwart, M. (2009). Pilot Study to validity and reliability of the ITL. Amsterdam: UvA.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Larissa M. Hoogsteder.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hoogsteder, L.M., Wissink, I.B., Stams, G.J.J.M. et al. A Validation Study of the Brief Irrational Thoughts Inventory. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther 32, 216–232 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-014-0190-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-014-0190-7

Keywords

Navigation