Abstract
We have explored the contemporary spatial relationship between aquatic vegetation and surficial macrofossil and pollen remains in a small, shallow, English lake. A detailed point-based (n = 87) underwater vegetation survey was undertaken in the middle of the plant-growing season in July 2000. Then following plant die-back in November 2000, surface sediment samples (upper 1.5 cm) were collected from 30 of these plant survey points and analysed for plant macro-remains (all 30 samples), and pollen (4 evenly spaced samples). All data were stored as separate layers in a geographical information system and spatial relationships between the aquatic vegetation and plant remains were explored. In contrast to pollen types, plant macrofossils were not evenly dispersed across all parts of the lake and, with the exception of Chara oospores, higher concentrations of remains (particularly for Potamogeton) were found close to areas of source-plant dominance. The spatial pattern of macrophyte–macrofossil relationships revealed that vegetative remains (particularly leaf fragments) were probably deposited at source, whereas seeds were recovered close to the shore suggesting slightly wider dispersal. Overall, however, macro-remains best represented local ‘patch-scale’ vegetation within 20–30 m of the core site. The macro-remains effectively recorded the dominant plants in the lake with 63% of samples containing a combination of remains of Chara, Elodea, and Potamogeton. However, relationships between macrophytes and fossils were complex. Some species were significantly over-represented by macrofossils (e.g., Chara spp., Nitella flexilis agg., and Zannichellia palustris), while others were either under-represented (e.g., Potamogeton spp.), or not represented at all (e.g., Lemna trisulca). Pollen represented macrophyte diversity poorly, but some taxa were found (e.g., Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum) that were not recorded by macro-remains. We conclude that macrofossil analysis may be very usefully employed to determine the dominant taxa in past aquatic plant communities of shallow, productive lakes and that the addition of pollen analysis provides further information on former species richness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
V.J. Abernethy N.J. Willby (1999) ArticleTitleChanges along a disturbance gradient in the density and composition of propagule banks in floodplain aquatic habitats Plant Ecol. 140 177–190 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1009779411686
A. Arber (1920) Waterplants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms Cambridge University Press Cambridge 436
W. Beijerinck (1976) Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora Backhuys and Meesters Amsterdam 316
B.E. Berglund M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa (1986) Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams B.E. Berglund (Eds) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology Wiley Chichester 455–484
G. Berggren (1964) Atlas of Seeds. Part 2. Cyperaceae Swedish Natural Science Research Council Stockholm 68
G. Berggren (1981) Atlas of Seeds. Part 3. Salicaceae – Cruicferae Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm 259
H.H. Birks (1973a) Modern macrofossil assemblages in lake sediments in Minnesota H.J.B. Birks R.G. West (Eds) Quaternary Plant Ecology Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 173–189
H.J.B. Birks (1973b) Past and Present Vegetation on the Isle of Skye: A Palaeolimnological Study Cambridge University Press London 415
H.H. Birks (1980) ArticleTitlePlant macrofossils in Quaternary lake sediments Arch. Hydrobiol. 15 1–60
H.H. Birks (2001) Plant macrofossils J.P. Smol H.J.B. Birks W.M. Last (Eds) Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments, Vol. 3: Terrestrial, Algal and Siliceous Indicators Kluwer Dordecht 49–74
H.H. Birks H.J.B. Birks (2000) ArticleTitleFuture uses of pollen analysis must include plant macrofossils J. Biogeogr. 27 31–35 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00375.x
I. Blindow (1992) ArticleTitleLong- and short-term dynamics of submerged macrophytes in two shallow eutrophic lakes Freshwater Biol. 28 15–27
I. Blindow G. Andersson A. Hargeby S. Johansson (1993) ArticleTitleLong-term pattern of alternative stables states in two shallow eutrophic lakes Freshwater Biol. 30 159–167
A. Bonis J. Lepart (1994) ArticleTitleVertical structure of seed banks and the impact of depth of burial on recruitment in two temporary marshes Vegetatio 112 127–139 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00044687
A. Bonis P. Grillas (2002) ArticleTitleDeposition, germination and spatio-temporal patterns of charophyte propagule banks: a review Aquat. Bot. 72 235–248 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3770(01)00203-0
K.P. Brodersen B.V. Odgaard O. Vestergaard N.J. Anderson (2001) ArticleTitleChironomid stratigraphy in the shallow and eutrophic Lake SøbygaardDenmark: chironomid-macrophyte co-occurrence Freshwater Biol. 46 253–267 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00652.x
D.E.J. Canfield J.V. Shireman D.E. Colle W.T. Haller C.E.I. Watkins M.J. Maceina (1984) ArticleTitlePrediction of chlorophyll-a concentrations in Florida Lakes: importance of aquatic macrophytes Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 497–501 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXksF2kt74%3D
R.S. Capers (2003) ArticleTitleSix years of submerged plant community dynamics in a freshwater tidal wetland Freshwater Biol. 48 1640–1651 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01115.x
M.E. Collinson (1983) ArticleTitleAccumulation of fruits and seeds in three small sedimentary environments in southern England and their palaeoecological implications Ann. Bot. 52 583–292
M.E. Collinson (1988) ArticleTitleFreshwater macrophytes in palaeolimnology Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 62 317–342 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-0182(88)90060-0
I. Combroux G. Bornette N.J. Willby C. Amoros (2001) ArticleTitleRegenerative strategies of aquatic plants in disturbed habitats: the role of the propagule bank Arch. Hydrobiol. 152 215–235
D.K. Cook (1987) Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants R.M.M. Crawford (Eds) Aquatic and Amphibious Habitats Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 179–190
T.A. Davidson P.G. Appleby (2002) The Environmental History of Kenfig Pool ECRC London 22
T.A. Davidso C.D. Sayer H. Bennion C. David N. Rose P.M. Wade (2005) ArticleTitleA 250 year comparison of historical, macrofossil and pollen records of aquatic plants in a shallow lake Freshwater Biol 50 1671–1686
F.W. Davis (1985) ArticleTitleHistorical changes in submerged macrophyte communities of Upper Chesapeake Bay Ecology 66 981–993
W.E. Dean (1974) ArticleTitleDetermination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods J. Sediment. Petrol. 44 242–248 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXkt1Snurg%3D
A.C. Dieffenbacher-Krall W.A. Halteman (2000) ArticleTitleThe relationship of modern plant remains to water depth in alkaline lakes in New EnglandUSA J. Paleolimnol. 24 213–229 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008164614818
A.C. Dieffenbacher-Krall A.M. Nurse (2005) ArticleTitleLate-glacial and Holocene record of lake levels of Mathews Pond and Whitehead LakeNorthern MaineUSA J. Paleolimnol. 34 283–309 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10933-005-4958-8
P.W. Dunwiddie (1987) ArticleTitleMacrofossil and pollen representation of coniferous trees in modern sediments from Washington Ecology 68 1–11
M.S. Engel (1978) ArticleTitleThe Northwest European pollen flora19. Haloragaceae Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 26 199–207
G. Grosse-Brauckmann (1986) Analysis of vegetative plant macrofossils B.E. Berglund (Eds) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology Wiley and Sons Ltd Chichester 591–599
H.B. Guppy (1906) Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899, 2. Plant Dispersal Macmillan and Co. London
Hoare D.J., Sayer C.D., Liptrot E., Emson D., Bennion H., Appleby P.G. and Waldock M.J. 2004. Tributyltin (TBT) and the decline of the Norfolk Broads: Hickling and Barton Broad. ECRC Research Report No. 96, 28 pp.
M. Jeffries (1998) ArticleTitleRapid and dramatic changes in the vegetation of a small pond on Holy Island (Northumbria): chaotic dynamics? Freshwater Forum 11 52–56
E. Jeppesen Ma. Søndergaard Mo. Søndergaard K. Christoffersen (1998) The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes. Ecological Studies, series 131 Springer New York 421
K. Jessen (1955) ArticleTitleKey to subfossil Potamogeton Bot. Tidsskrift 52 1–7
L. Kautsky (1990) ArticleTitleSeed and tuber banks of aquatic macrophytes in the Askö areanorthern Baltic proper Holarctic Ecol. 13 143–148
S. Körner (2002) ArticleTitleLoss of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes in north-eastern Germany Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 87 377–386
C.F. Mason R.J. Bryant (1975) ArticleTitleChanges in the ecology of the Norfolk Broads Freshwater Biol. 5 257–270
P.D. Moore J.A. Webb M.E. Collinson (1991) Pollen Analysis Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 219
B. Odgaard P. Rasmussen (2001) ArticleTitleThe occurrence of egg-cocoons of the leech Piscicola geometra (L.) in recent sediments and their relationship with the remains of submerged macrophytes Arch. Hydrobiol. 52 671–686
R.L. Praeger (1913) ArticleTitleOn the buoyancy of seeds of some Britannic plants Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. 14 13–62
C.D. Preston (1995) Pondweeds of Great Britain and Ireland: BSBI Handbook No. 8 Botanical Society of the British Isles London 352
C.D. Preston J.M. Croft (1997) Aquatic Plants in Britain and Ireland Harley Books Colchester 365
V.W. Proctor (1959) ArticleTitleDispersal of fresh-water algae by migratory birds Science 130 623–624
V.W. Proctor (1962) ArticleTitleViability of Chara oospores taken from migratory water birds Ecology 45 656–658
P. Rasmussen N.J. Anderson (2005) ArticleTitleNatural and anthropogenic forcing of aquatic macrophyte development in a shallow Danish lake during the last 7,000 years J. Biogeogr. 32 1993–2005 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01352.x
H.N. Ridley (1930) The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World Reeve and Co Ashford
T. Riis K. Sand-Jensen (2001) ArticleTitleHistorical changes in species composition and richness accompanying perturbation and eutrophication of Danish lowland streams over 100 years Freshwater Biol. 46 269–280 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00656.x
K. Sand-Jensen (1997) Eutrophication and plant communities in Lake Fure during 100 years K. Sand-Jensen O. Pedersen (Eds) Danish Research Gad Publishers Copenhagen
K. Sand-Jensen T. Riis O. Vestergaard S.E. Larsen (2000) ArticleTitleMacrophyte decline in Danish lakes and streams over the past 100 years J. Ecol. 88 1030–1040 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00519.x
C.D. Sayer N. Roberts J. Sadler C. David P.M. Wade (1999) ArticleTitleBiodiversity changes in a shallow lake ecosystem: a multi-proxy palaeolimnological analysis J. Biogeogr. 26 97–114
M. Scheffer (1998) Ecology of Shallow Lakes Chapman and Hall London 357
C.D. Sculthorpe (1967) The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants Edward Arnold London
B. Shuman (2003) ArticleTitleControls on loss-on-ignition variation in cores from two shallow lakes in the northeastern United States J. Paleolimnol. 30 371–385 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:JOPL.0000007226.68831.e3
B. Sparkes R.G. West (1964) ArticleTitleThe drift landforms around HoltNorfolk Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr. 35 27–35
J.E. Titus D. Grisé G. Sullivan M.D. Stephens (2004) ArticleTitleMonitoring submersed vegetation in a mesotrophic lake: correlation of two spatio-temporal scales of change Aquatic Bot. 79 33–50 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.aquabot.2003.11.006
van den Berg M.S. 1999. Charophyte colonization in shallow lakes: processes, ecological effects and implications for lake management. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 138 pp.
N. Wainman R.W. Mathewes (1990) ArticleTitleDistribution of plant macroremains in surface sediments of Marion LakeSouthwestern British Columbia Can. J. Bot. 68 364–373
R.R. Yeo (1966) ArticleTitleYields of propagules of certain aquatic plants Weeds 14 110–113
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, Y., Sayer, C.D., Birks, H.H. et al. Spatial Representation of Aquatic Vegetation by Macrofossils and Pollen in a Small and Shallow Lake. J Paleolimnol 35, 335–350 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-1336-5
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-1336-5