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Peer Pressure and Thai Amateur Golfers’ Gambling on Their Games: The Mediating Effect of Golf Self-Efficacy

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Abstract

Our study hypothesizes that Thai amateur golfers gamble on their game because of peer pressure and their golf self-efficacy. To support our hypothesis, we conducted a study to examine the mediating effect of golf self-efficacy on the peer pressure–golf gambling relationship among 387 amateur golfers in Thailand. Peer pressure was operationally defined as fellow players’ influence on the individual golfer to gamble; golf self-efficacy as the judgment of the golfer’s skills to play golf; and golf gambling as the frequency and amounts of gambling. Regression analysis with bootstrapping was used to test the mediation effect of golf self-efficacy on the peer pressure–golf gambling relationship. The results support our hypothesis; peer pressure predicted golf gambling, and the indirect effect of peer pressure to golf gambling through the mediation of golf self-efficacy was significant. The results support the influence of peer pressure on gambling, and the social cognitive theory reciprocal relationship model.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Thomas J. Knutson for his assistance in the literature search, and Dr. Paul T.J. James and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School, Bangkok University, Rama 4 Road, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand

    Vanchai Ariyabuddhiphongs & Chomnad Promsakha Na Sakolnakorn

Authors
  1. Vanchai Ariyabuddhiphongs
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  2. Chomnad Promsakha Na Sakolnakorn
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vanchai Ariyabuddhiphongs.

Appendix: Golf Self-Efficacy Scale

Appendix: Golf Self-Efficacy Scale

The following sentences describe your belief in your golfing ability. Please indicate the extent to which each sentence reflects your belief from 1. The least, 2. A little, 3. Somewhat, 4. A lot, and 5. The most.

  1. 1.

    If I try hard enough, I can always drive my ball to a good spot.

  2. 2.

    When someone is playing against me, I can find a way to win.

  3. 3.

    I can line up and putt with ease.

  4. 4.

    I am sure I can drive so my ball does not land out of bounds.

  5. 5.

    With my skill, I can drive so my ball does not fall into the water.

  6. 6.

    Although my ball lands on a bad spot, I can solve the problem.

  7. 7.

    Even when the opponents play better than I do, I keep cool because I believe in my ability.

  8. 8.

    When my ball is in a bunker, I can always drive it out.

  9. 9.

    When my ball falls in the rough, I can always solve the problem.

  10. 10.

    I can play against any opponent.

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Ariyabuddhiphongs, V., Promsakha Na Sakolnakorn, C. Peer Pressure and Thai Amateur Golfers’ Gambling on Their Games: The Mediating Effect of Golf Self-Efficacy. J Gambl Stud 30, 685–696 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9372-y

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