Skip to main content
Log in

Prevalence of Genetic Testing in CHARGE Syndrome

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Journal of Genetic Counseling

Abstract

Parents of 145 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, ages 2 to 39 years, indicated in a survey whether their child had been tested for the CHD7 mutation, which is the only gene presently known to be associated with CHARGE. More than two thirds (68%) of the affected individuals had never been gene tested. Of the 46 who had been tested, 74% tested positive for the mutation. Half (50%) of those who underwent testing did so as a part of a conference blood draw by Baylor College of Medicine in 1999. Children who were tested were significantly younger than those who had not been tested. A second group of 43 parents were informally surveyed at a conference in 2009. More than half of their children had been tested, and nearly 70% were positive for the mutation. Reasons given by these parents for testing included confirming the diagnosis and assisting research. Reasons given for not testing included lack of opportunity, no known benefit, and lack of insurance coverage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aramaki, M., Udaka, T., Kosaki, R., Makita, Y., Okamoto, N., Yoshihashi, H., et al. (2006). Phenotypic spectrum of CHARGE syndrome with CHD7 mutations. The Journal of Pediatrics, 148(3), 410–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, J. E., de Wijs, I., Jongmans, M. C., Admiraal, R. J., Hoefsloot, L. H., & van Ravenswaaij-Arts, C. M. (2008). Exon copy number alterations of the CHD7 gene are not a major cause of CHARGE and CHARGE-like syndrome. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 51, 417–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, K. D., Davenport, S. L., Hall, B. D., Hefner, M. A., Pagon, R. A., Williams, M. S., et al. (1998). CHARGE association: an update and review for the primary pediatrician. Clinical Pediatrics, 37, 159–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosman, E. A., Penn, A. C., Ambrose, J. C., Kettleborough, R., Stemple, D. L., & Steel, K. P. (2005). Multiple mutations in mouse CHD7 provide models for CHARGE syndrome. Human Molecular Genetics, 14(22), 3463–3476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delahaye, A., Sznajer, Y., Lyonnet, S., Elmaleh-Berges, M., Delpierre, I., Audollent, S., et al. (2007). Familial CHARGE syndrome because of CHD7 mutation: clinical intra- and interfamilial variability. Clinical Genetics, 72, 112–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, D. F., Eugster, E., Zagar, A. J., Bryant, C. G., Davenport, M. L., & Quigley, C. A. (2004). Ascertainment bias in Turner syndrome: new insights from girls who were diagnosed incidentally in prenatal life. Pediatrics, 114, 640–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. D. (1979). Choanal atresia and associated multiple anomalies. The Journal of Pediatrics, 95, 395–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartshorne, T. S., & Cypher, A. L. (2004). Challenging behavior in CHARGE syndrome. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 7(2), 41–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hittner, H. M., Hirsch, N. J., Kreh, G. M., & Rudolph, A. J. (1979). Colobomatous microphthalmia, heart disease, hearing loss, and mental retardation, a syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 16, 122–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, L., & Crabtree, G. R. (2010). Chromatin remodelling during development. Nature, 463, 474–484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, E. A., Capers, P. L., Blauwkamp, M. N., Adams, M. E., Raphael, Y., Poucher, H. K., et al. (2007). Loss of Chd7 function in gene-trapped reporter mice is embryonic lethal and associated with severe defects in multiple developing tissues. Mammalian Genome: Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society, 18, 94–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jongmans, M. C., Admiraal, R. J., van der Donk, K. P., Vissers, L. E., Baas, A. F., Kapusta, L., et al. (2006). CHARGE syndrome: the phenotypic spectrum of mutations in the CHD7 gene. Journal of Medical Genetics, 43, 306–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jongmans, M. C., Hoefsloot, L. H., van der Donk, K. P., Admiraal, R. J., Magee, A., van de Laar, I., et al. (2008). Familial CHARGE syndrome and the CHD7 gene: a recurrent missense mutation, intrafamilial recurrence and variability. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 146A, 43–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jongmans, M. C., Ogata, T., Sato, N., Claahsen, H. L., van der Donk, K. P., Pitteloud, N., et al. (2009). CHD7 mutations in patients initially diagnosed with Kallmann Syndrome—the clinical overlap with CHARGE syndrome. Clinical Genetics, 75, 65–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jyonouchi, S., McDonald-McGinn, D. M., Bale, S., Zackai, E. H., & Sullivan, K. E. (2009). CHARGE (coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies/deafness) syndrome and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a comparison of immunologic and nonimmunologic phenotypic features. Pediatrics, 123, 871–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lalani, S. R., Safiullah, A. M., Molinari, L. M., Fernbach, S. D., Martin, D. M., & Belmont, J. W. (2004). SEMA3E mutation in a patient with CHARGE syndrome. Journal of Medical Genetics, 41, e94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lalani, S. R., Safiullah, A. M., Fernbach, S. D., Harutyunyan, K. G., Thaller, C., Peterson, L. E., et al. (2006). Spectrum of CHD7 mutations in 110 individuals with CHARGE syndrome and genotype-phenotype correlation. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 303–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Layman, W. S., McEwen, D. P., Beyer, L. A., Lalani, S. R., Fernbach, S. D., Oh, E., et al. (2009). Defects in neural stem cell proliferation and olfaction in Chd7 deficient mice indicate a mechanism for hyposmia in human CHARGE syndrome. Human Molecular Genetics, 18, 1909–1923.

  • National Consortium on Deaf-Blindness (2009). The 2008 National Child Count of Children and Youth who are deaf-blind. Retrieved from http://www.nationaldb.org/documents/products/2008-Census-Tables.pdf, October.

  • Pagon, R. A., Graham, J. M., Jr., Zonana, J., & Yong, S. L. (1981). Coloboma, congenital heart disease, and choanal atresia with multiple anomalies: CHARGE association. The Journal of Pediatrics, 99, 223–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, C. G. S., Martinez, A., Fox, M., Zhou, J., Shapiro, N., Sininger, Y., et al. (2009). A prospective, longitudinal study of the impact of GJB2/GJB6 genetic testing on the beliefs and attitudes of parents of deaf and hard-of hearing infants. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 149A, 1169–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pauli, S., Pieper, L., Haberle, J., Grzmil, P., Burfeind, P., Steckel, M., et al. (2009). Proven germline mosaicism in a father of two children with CHARGE syndrome. Clinical Genetics, 75, 473–479.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salem-Hartshorne, N., & Jacob, S. (2005). Adaptive behavior in children with CHARGE syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133A, 262–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanlaville, D., & Verloes, A. (2007). CHARGE syndrome: an update. European Journal of Human Genetics, 15, 389–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnetz, M. P., Bartels, C. F., Shastri, K., Balasubramanian, D., Zentner, G. E., Balaji, R., et al. (2009). Genomic distribution of CHD7 on chromatin tracks H3K4 methylation patterns. Genome Research, 19, 590–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. A., Tremblay, V., Lin, G., & Bochar, D. A. (2008). CHD8 is an ATPdependent chromatin remodeling factor that regulates b-catenin target genes. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 28, 3894–3904.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, J. G. (2006). Issues in genetic testing of children. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 31(3), 156–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, J. G., Bove, C., & Cassidy, D. (2008). Presymptomatic genetic testing in children for Neurofibromatosis 2. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 23, 183–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verloes, A. (2005). Updated diagnostic criteria for CHARGE syndrome: a proposal. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133A, 306–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vissers, L. E., van Ravenswaaij, C. M., Admiraal, R., Hurst, J. A., de Vries, B. B., Janssen, I. M., et al. (2004). Mutations in a new member of the chromodomain gene family cause CHARGE syndrome. Nature Genetics, 36, 955–957.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmarsh, I., Davis, A. M., Skinner, D., & Bailey, D. B. (2007). A place for genetic uncertainty: parents valuing an unknown in the meaning of disease. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1082–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wincent, J., Schulze, A., & Schoumans, J. (2009). Detection of CHD7 deletions by MLPA in CHARGE syndrome patients with a less typical phenotype. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 52, 271–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zentner, G. E., Layman, W. S., Martin, D. M., & Scacheri, P. C. (2010). Molecular and phenotypic aspects of CHD7 mutation in CHARGE syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 152A, 674–686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Jorieke Bergman for her assistance with aspects of the data collection and analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Timothy S. Hartshorne.

Appendix: Questionnaire

Appendix: Questionnaire

figure a

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hartshorne, T.S., Stratton, K.K. & van Ravenswaaij-Arts, C.M.A. Prevalence of Genetic Testing in CHARGE Syndrome. J Genet Counsel 20, 49–57 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-010-9328-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-010-9328-7

Keywords

Navigation