Abstract
Ultra-dense hydrogen H(−1) is a quantum material and the first material which is superfluid and superconductive at room temperature. This has been shown in detail for the deuterium form D(−1). With its experimentally determined H–H bond distance of normally 2.3 ± 0.1 pm, it is up to a factor of 105 denser than hydrogen ice composed of H2 molecules. Its existence means that when hydrogen is compressed to high temperature and density, as in laser-induced nuclear inertial-confinement fusion (ICF), sudden localized spontaneous transitions to H(−1) will give spots in the material where pressure falls strongly. Such pressure drops give a non-homogeneous phase which will not ignite smoothly. The energy released by the rapid transition to H(−1) will further cause non-isotropic motion of the target material. We here propose that the instability problems which plague ICF can be circumvented by using ultra-dense hydrogen H(−1) directly as the fusion fuel.
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Holmlid, L. Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(−1) as the Cause of Instabilities in Laser Compression-Based Nuclear Fusion. J Fusion Energ 33, 348–350 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-014-9681-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-014-9681-x