Abstract
The influence of phosphorus doping on the properties of \( \alpha^{\prime}_{\text{H}} \)-dicalcium silicate (C2S) bone cement was analyzed, in addition to bioactivity and biocompatibility. All the cements were composed of a solid solution of TCP in C2S (\( \alpha^{\prime}_{\text{H}} \)-C2Sss) as the only phase present. The compressive strength ranged from 3.8–16.3 MPa. Final setting times ranged from 10 to 50 min and were lower for cements with lower L/P content. Calcium silicate hydrate was the principal phase formed during the hydration process of the cements. The cement exhibited a moderate degradation and could induce carbonated hydroxyapatite formation on its surface and into the pores. The cell attachment test showed that the \( \alpha^{\prime}_{\text{H}} \)-Ca2SiO4 solid solution supported human adipose stem cells adhesion and spreading, and the cells established close contacts with the cement after 24 h of culture. The novel \( \alpha^{\prime}_{\text{H}} \)-C2Sss cements might be suitable for potential applications in the biomedical field, preferentially as materials for bone/dental repair.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10856-013-5084-1/MediaObjects/10856_2013_5084_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10856-013-5084-1/MediaObjects/10856_2013_5084_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10856-013-5084-1/MediaObjects/10856_2013_5084_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10856-013-5084-1/MediaObjects/10856_2013_5084_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10856-013-5084-1/MediaObjects/10856_2013_5084_Fig5_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nicoleau L, Nonat A. The di- and tricalcium silicate dissolutions. Cem Concr Res. 2013;47:14–30.
Wesselsky A, Jensen OM. Synthesis of pure Portland cement phases. Cem Concr Res. 2009;39(11):973–80.
Kalousek GL, Nelson EB. Hydrothermal reactions of dicalcium silicate and silica. Cem Concr Res. 1978;8(3):283–9.
Öztürk A, Suyadal Y, Oǧuz H. The formation of belite phase by using phosphogypsum and oil shale. Cem Concr Res. 2000;30(6):967–71.
Gandolfi MG, Perut F, Ciapetti G, Mongiorgi R, Prati C. New Portland cement-based materials for endodontics mixed with articaine solution: a study of cellular response. J Endod. 2008;34:39–44.
Coleman NJ, Nicholson JW, Awosanya K. Preliminary investigation of the in vitro bioactivity of white Portland cement. Cem Concr Res. 2007;37(11):1518–23.
Saunder WP. A prospective clinical study of periradicular surgery using mineral trioxide aggregate as a root-end filling. J Endod. 2008;34:6655–60.
Pace R, Giuliani V, Pagavino G. Mineral trioxide aggregate as repair material for furcal perforation: case series. J Endod. 2008;34:1130–3.
Holden DT, Schwartz SA, Kirkpatrick TC, Schindler WG. Clinical outcomes of artificial root-end barriers with mineral trioxide aggregate in teeth with immature apices. J Endod. 2008;34:812–7.
Gandolfi MG, Farascioni S, Pashley DH, Gasparotto G, Prati C. Calcium silicate coating derived from Portland cement as treatment for hypersensitive dentine. J Dent. 2008;36:565–78.
Torabinejad M, Hong CU, McDonald F, Pitt Ford TR. Physical and chemical properties of a new root-end filling material. J Endod. 1995;2:349–53.
Abdullaha D, Pitt Ford TR, Papaioannouc S, Nicholsond J, McDonald F. An evaluation of accelerated Portland cement as a restorative material. Biomaterials. 2002;23:4001–10.
Nurse RW, Welch JH, Gutt W. High-temperature equilibria in the system dicalcium silicate–tricalcium phosphate. J Chem Soc. 1959;1077–83.
Fix W, Heymann H, Heinke R. Subsolidus relations in the system 2CaO·SiO2–3CaO·P2O5. J Am Ceram Soc. 1969;52(6):346–7.
Rubio V, de la Casa-Lillo MA, de Aza S, de Aza PN. The system Ca3(PO4)2–Ca2SiO4. The sub-system Ca2SiO4–7CaOP2O52SiO2. J Am Ceram Soc. 2011;94(12):4459–62.
Takagi S, Chow LC. Formation of macropores in calcium phosphate cement implants. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2001;12(2):135–9.
Almirall A, Larrecq G, Delgado JA, Martinez S, Planell JA, Ginebra MP. Fabrication of low temperature macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds by foaming and hydrolysis of an alpha-TCP paste. Biomaterials. 2004;25(17):3671–80.
Kokubo T, Takadama H. How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone activity? Biomaterials. 2006;27:2907–15.
Kokubo T. Novel bioactive materials. An Quim. 1997;93(1):49–55.
Martinez IM, Velasquez P, Meseguer-Olmo L, de Aza PN. Production and study of in vitro behaviour of monolithic α-tricalcium phosphate based ceramics in the system Ca3(PO4)2–Ca2SiO4. Ceram Int. 2011;37:2527–35.
Carrodeguas RG, de Aza AH, Jimenez J, de Aza PN, Pena P, Lopez-Bravo A, de Aza S. Preparation and in vitro characterization of wollastonite doped tricalcium phosphate bioceramics. Key Eng. 2008;361–363:237–40.
Dubois SG, Floyd EZ, Zvonic S, Kilroy G, Wu X, Carling S, Halvorsen YD, Ravussin E, Gimble JM. Isolation of human adipose-derived stem cells from biopsies and liposuction specimens. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;449:69–79.
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng. 2001;7:211–26.
Taylor HFW. Hydrated calcium silicates: part I. Compound formation at ordinary temperatures. J Chem Soc. 1950;25:3682–90.
Taylor HFW. Cement chemistry. London: Academic Press; 1990.
Gutierrez GV, Nonell JM, Ojeda LL, de Aza PN, de Aza S. Dental cements from polyacrilic acid and wollastonite. Bol Soc Ceram V. 2005;44(2):89–94.
de Aza PN, Luklinska ZB, Anseau M. Bioactivity of diopside ceramic in human parotid saliva. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2005;73B:54–60.
Bortoluzzi EA, Broon NJ, Durante MAH, de Demarchi ACO, Bramante CM. The use of a setting accelerator and its effect on pH and calcium ion release of mineral trioxide aggregate and white portland cement. J Endod. 2006;32:1194–7.
Bortoluzzi EA, Broon NJ, Bramante CM, Felippe WT. Tanomaru Filho M, Esberard RM. The influence of calcium chloride on the setting time, solubility disintegration, and pH of mineral trioxide aggregate and white portland cement with a radiopacifier. J Endod. 2009;35:550–4.
Older I. Hydration, setting and hardening of Portand cement. In: Hewlett PC, editor. Lea’s chemistry of cement and concrete. 4th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2007. p. 241–97.
Minarelli-Gaspar AM, Saska S, Carrodeguas RG, de Aza AH, Pena P, de Aza PN, et al. Biological response to wollastonite doped α-tricalcium phosphate implants in hard and soft tissues in rats. Key Eng Mater. 2009;396–398:7–10.
de Val JE Mate-Sanchez, Calvo-Guirado JL, Delgado-Ruiz RA, Ramirez-Fernandez MP, Martinez IM, Granero-Marin JM, Negri B, Chiva-Garcia F, Martinez-Gonzalez JM, De Aza PN. New block graft of α-TCP with silicon in critical size defects in rabbits: Chemical characterization, histological, histomorphometric and micro-CT study. Ceram Int. 2012;38:1563–70.
Kenny SM, Buggy M. Bone cements and fillers: a review. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2002;13:119–1206.
Minarelli Gaspar AM, Saska S, da Cunha LR, Bolini PD, Carrodeguas RG, De Aza AH, Pena P, De Aza PN, De Aza S. Comparison of the biological behavior of wollastonite bioceramics prepared from synthetic and natural precursors. Key Eng. 2008;396-363:1083–6.
Tay FR, Pashley DH, Rueggeberg FA, Loushine RJ, Weller RN. Calcium phosphate phase transformation produced by interaction of the Portland cement component of white MTA with a phosphate-containing fluid. J Endod. 2007;33:1347–51.
Oliveira IR, Andrade TL, Jacobovitz M, Pandolfelli VC. Bioactivity of calcium aluminate endodontic cement. J Endod. 2013;39(6):774–8.
Magallanes-Perdomo M, De Aza AH, Mateus AY, Teixeira S, Monteiro FJ, De Aza S, Pena P. In vitro study of the proliferation and growth of human bone marrow cells on apatite–wollastonite-2 M glass ceramics. Acta Biomater. 2010;6(6):2254–63.
Martinez IM, Velasquez PA, De Aza PN. Synthesis and stability of α-tricalcium phosphate doped with dicalcium silicate in the system Ca3(PO4)2–Ca2SiO4. Mater Charact. 2010;61:761–7.
Meseguer-Olmo L, Aznar-Cervantes S, Mazon P, De Aza PN. In vitro behaviour of adult mesenchymal stem cells of human bone marrow origin seeded on a novel bioactive ceramics in the Ca2SiO4–Ca3(PO4)2 system. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2012;23:3003–14.
Acknowledgments
Part of this work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana ACOM/2009/173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Aza, P.N., Zuleta, F., Velasquez, P. et al. \( {\alpha^{\prime}}_{\text{H}} \)-Dicalcium silicate bone cement doped with tricalcium phosphate: characterization, bioactivity and biocompatibility. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 25, 445–452 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5084-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5084-1