Abstract
Using auxetic structures in the piezo-resistive sensors area improves the sensitivity due to having a negative Poisson's ratio, and the implementation of these novel structures in real applications is a challenge. In this work, the planar isotropic auxetic (PIA) structure with constant Poisson's ratio was used to construct a wearable monolithic sensor glove for identifying the movements of human hand fingers. To manufacture the monolithic glove, a mold consisting of three parts, including the upper part, the bottom part, and the core, was designed and manufactured. The glove was molded as a monolithic piece using silicone RTV2. On the fingers of the upper mold, the PIA structures were designed to correspond to the upper side of the glove and coated with graphite powder to behave as an isotropic piezo-resistive linear sensor. The finger movement detection test was performed, and the sensing performance of the sensor glove was evaluated. The available commercial ABAQUS2021 software was used to simulate the deformation behavior of the glove fingers to investigate the effects of PIA structure on sensing performance in the boundary condition of finger movement. Two types of comparisons, including the comparison of conventional sensors with auxetic sensors and the comparison of mixed auxetic sensors with coated auxetic sensors for use in the field of sensor gloves, were investigated in detail.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and code availability
All data are included in the paper.
References
Meng Q et al (2019) A facile approach to fabricate highly sensitive, flexible strain sensor based on elastomeric/graphene platelet composite film. J Mater Sci 54(15):10856–10870
Zhao K, Niu W et al (2020) Highly stretchable, breathable and negative resistance variation textile strain sensor with excellent mechanical stability for wearable electronics. J Mater Sci 55(6):2439–2453
Sun S et al (2019) A wearable strain sensor based on the ZnO/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite with large linear working range. J Mater Sci 54(9):7048–7061
Wang J et al (2018) Responsive graphene oxide hydrogel microcarriers for controllable cell capture and release. Sci China Mater 61(10):1314–1324
Fan F et al (2018) Rotating magnetic field-controlled fabrication of magnetic hydrogel with spatially disk-like microstructures. Sci China Mater 61(8):1112–1122
Zhong W et al (2016) A nanofiber based artificial electronic skin with high pressure sensitivity and 3D conformability. Nanoscale 8(24):12105–12112
Kang I et al (2006) A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring. Smart Mater Struct 15(3):737–748
Gong S et al (2014) A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires. Nat Commun 5(1):3132
Wang J-L et al (2018) Nanowire assemblies for flexible electronic devices: recent advances and perspectives. Adv Mater 30(48):1803430
Wu S et al (2017) Novel electrically conductive porous PDMS/carbon nanofiber composites for deformable strain sensors and conductors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(16):14207–14215
Jiang J et al (2016) Fabrication of transparent multilayer circuits by inkjet printing. Adv Mater 28(7):1420–1426
Wang X et al (2018) Highly stretchable and wearable strain sensor based on printable carbon nanotube layers/polydimethylsiloxane composites with adjustable sensitivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(8):7371–7380
Yin B et al (2017) Highly stretchable, ultrasensitive, and wearable strain sensors based on facilely prepared reduced graphene oxide woven fabrics in an ethanol flame. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(37):32054–32064
Jian M et al (2017) Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors based on bionic hierarchical structures. Adv Func Mater 27(9):1606066
Li Y-Q et al (2017) Flexible wire-shaped strain sensor from cotton thread for human health and motion detection. Sci Rep 7(1):45013
Yang C, Suo Z (2018) Hydrogel ionotronics. Nat Rev Mater 3(6):125–142
Pan C et al (2017) Tough, stretchable, compressive novel polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposite hydrogels with excellent self-healing performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(43):38052–38061
Taherkhani B et al (2020) Highly sensitive, piezoresistive, silicone/carbon fiber-based auxetic sensor for low strain values. Sens Actuators, A 305:111939
Bai J et al (2021) Facile preparation and high performance of wearable strain sensors based on ionically cross-linked composite hydrogels. Sci China Mater 64(4):942–952
Kim SY et al (2015) Highly sensitive and multimodal all-carbon skin sensors capable of simultaneously detecting tactile and biological stimuli. Adv Mater 27(28):4178–4185
Someya T et al (2004) A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(27):9966–9970
Someya T et al (2005) Conformable, flexible, large-area networks of pressure and thermal sensors with organic transistor active matrixes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(35):12321–12325
Lim S et al (2015) Transparent and stretchable interactive human machine interface based on patterned graphene heterostructures. Adv Func Mater 25(3):375–383
Taherkhani B (2023) Manufacturing of highly sensitive piezoresistive two-substances auxetic strain sensor using composite approach. Fibers Polym 24(5):1789–1797
Taherkhani B, Chegini MM et al (2022) Highly sensitive, piezoresistive, silicon/graphite powder-based, auxetic sensor with linear sensing performance. Sens Actuators A: Phys 345:113776
Taherkhani B, Kadkhodapour J et al (2022) Highly sensitive, stretchable, piezoresistive auxetic sensor based on graphite powders sandwiched between silicon rubber layers. Polym Bull 80(4):3745–3760
Taherkhani B, Rahmani S et al (2023) Isotropic auxetic structure with fixed Poisson’s ratio for piezo-resistive strain sensor to detect human body motion. Proc Inst Mech Eng Pt L: J Mater: Des Appl 0(0):14644207231174325
Kim HW et al (2018) Hygroscopic auxetic On-skin sensors for easy-to-handle repeated daily use. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(46):40141–40148
Ahmed MF, Li Y et al (2019) Stretchable and compressible piezoresistive sensors from auxetic foam and silver nanowire. Mater Chem Phys 229:167–173
Jiang Y et al (2018) Auxetic mechanical metamaterials to enhance sensitivity of stretchable strain sensors. Adv Mater 30(12):1706589
Wu C et al (2022) Tailoring auxetic mechanical metamaterials to achieve patterned wire strain sensors with controllable high sensitivity. Chem Eng J 442:136317
Yan W et al (2023) 3D printing of stretchable strain sensor based on continuous fiber reinforced auxetic structure. Chin J Mech Eng: Addit Manuf Front 2(2):100073
Shan S et al (2015) Design of planar isotropic negative Poisson’s ratio structures. Extreme Mech Lett 4:96–102
Li Y et al (2016) Poisson ratio and piezoresistive sensing: a new route to high-performance 3D flexible and stretchable sensors of multimodal sensing capability. Adv Func Mater 26(17):2900–2908
Rezaei S et al (2021) Design and modeling of the 2D auxetic metamaterials with hyperelastic properties using topology optimization approach. Photonics Nanostruct Fundam Appl 43:100868
Taherkhani B et al (2021) Large deformation of TPU re-entrant auxetic structures designed by TO approach. J Elastomers Plast 53(4):347–369
Taherkhani B, Pourkamali Anaraki A et al (2021) Design of structures using level set topology optimization and strain energy methods. J Ultrafine Grained Nanostr Mater 54(2):163–172
Taherkhani B, Pourkamali anaraki A et al (2021) Fabrication and testing of re-entrant auxetic samples and sensor: numerically and experimentally. Amirkabir J Mech Eng 53:14–14
Vogiatzis P et al (2017) Topology optimization of multi-material negative Poisson’s ratio metamaterials using a reconciled level set method. Comput Aided Des 83:15–32
Xia L, Breitkopf P (2015) Design of materials using topology optimization and energy-based homogenization approach in Matlab. Struct Multidiscip Optim 52(6):1229–1241
Jung S et al (2014) Reverse-micelle-induced porous pressure-sensitive rubber for wearable human-machine interfaces. Adv Mater 26(28):4825–4830
Yao H-B et al (2013) A flexible and highly pressure-sensitive graphene-polyurethane sponge based on fractured microstructure design. Adv Mater 25(46):6692–6698
Taherkhani B et al (2023) Novel linear, piezoresistive, auxetic sensors coated by aaa battery active carbons with supreme sensitivity for human body movement detection. Adv Eng Mater 25(17):2300524
Taherkhani B et al (2023) Novel linear piezo-resistive auxetic meta-sensors with low Young’s modulus by a core-shell conceptual design and electromechanical modelling. Macromol Mater Eng. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202300219
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Horizon Europe European Research Council (ERC) project “Textile-Based Wearable Soft Robotics with Integrated Sensing, Actuating, and Self-Powering Properties – TEXWEAROTS” (Project No: 101042402).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BT involved in conceptualization; RN and BT involved in experimental design; MMC and RN carried out measurements; OA and ATA involved in manuscript composition.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests.
Ethical approval
Not Applicable.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Stephen Eichhorn.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Taherkhani, B., Nasri, R., Tuncay Atalay, A. et al. Design of the monolithic planar isotropic auxetic piezo-resistive sensor glove to detect human hand motion. J Mater Sci 59, 686–697 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-09212-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-09212-w