Skip to main content
Log in

Recent advances on understanding the origin of superhardness in nanocomposite coatings: A critical review

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The remarkable mechanical properties of nanocomposite coatings, such as superhardness, high elastic modulus and recovery, excellent resistance against cracking, low wear rate, and high thermal stability, are due to their unique structures and deformation mechanisms at the nanometer scale. In this paper, recent advances are reviewed mainly with respect to the understanding of the origin of superhardness in nanocomposite coatings. A few controversial issues relevant to the identification of superhard coatings are mentioned. Also discussed are several models, based on analyses and simulations at different levels from continuum to atomistic scales, to elucidate likely superhardening mechanisms. Finally, some open problems and continuing challenges are highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. W. KULISCH, “Deposition of diamond-like superhard materials” (Springer, Berlin; London, 1999).

  2. S. C. TJONG and H. CHEN, Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 45 (2004) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. VEPREK, M. G. J. VEPREK-HEIJMAN, P. KARVANKOVA and J. PROCHAZKA, Thin Solid Films 476 (2005) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. G. E. FOUGERE, L. RIESTER, M. FERBER, J. R. WEERTMAN and R. W. SIEGEL, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 204 (1995) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R. W. CAHN, Nature 380 (1996) 104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. V. V. BRAZHKIN, A. G. LYAPIN and R. J. HEMLEY, Philos. Mag. A 82 (2002) 231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. VEPREK, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 17 (1999) 2401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J. HAINES, J. M. LEGER and G. BOCQUILLON, Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. 31 (2001) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. MUSIL, Surf. Coat. Technol. 125 (2000) 322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. ZHANG, D. SUN, Y. Q. FU and H. J. DU, ibid. 167 (2003) 113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. W. D. SPROUL, Science 273 (1996) 889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. T. FU, Z. F. ZHOU, K. Y. LI and Y. G. SHEN, Mater. Lett. 59 (2005) 618.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. H. LU, P. SIT, H. F. HUNG, H. D. CHEN, Z. F. ZHOU, K. Y. LI and Y. G. SHEN, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23 (2005) 449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. F. MCMILLAN, Nature 430 (2004) 738.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. ROSENFLANZ, M. FREY, B. ENDRES, T. ANDERSON, E. RICHARDS and C. SCHARDT, ibid. 430 (2004) 761.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. GLEITER, Prog. Mater. Sci. 33 (1989) 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Idem., Acta Mater. 48 (2000) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. D. TABOR, “The Hardness of Metals” (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951).

  19. D. TABOR, Philos. Mag. A 74 (1996) 1207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. A. C. FISCHER-CRIPPS, “Nanoindentation” (Springer, New York, 2002).

  21. W. C. OLIVER and G. M. PHARR J. Mater. Res. 7 (1992) 1564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Idem., ibid. 19 (2004) 3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. V. BRAZHKIN, N. DUBROVINSKAIA, A. NICOL, N. NOVIKOV, R. RIEDEL, R. SOLOZHENKO and Y. ZHAO, Nat. Mater. 3 (2004) 576.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. N. JIANG, Y. G. SHEN, Y.-W. MAI, T. CHAN and S. C. TUNG, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 106 (2004) 163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. W. D. NIX and H. J. GAO, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46 (1998) 411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. T. Y. ZHANG and W. H. XU, J. Mater. Res. 17 (2002) 1715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. J. MUSIL, H. ZEMAN, F. KUNC and J. VLCEK, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 340 (2003) 281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. S. VEPREK, S. MUKHERJEE, H. D. MANNLING and J. L. HE, ibid. 340 (2003) 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. K. J. JOHNSON, “Contact Mechanics” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).

  30. S. VEPREK and A. S. ARGON, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20 (2002) 650.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. L. HE and S. VEPREK, Surf. Coat. Technol. 163 (2003) 374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. N. A. FLECK and J. W. HUTCHINSON, Adv. Appl. Mech. 33 (1997) 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. I. YONENAGA, T. SHIMA and M. H. F. SLUITER, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 (2002) 4620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. C. LU, Y.-W. MAI and Y. G. SHEN, Key Eng. Mater. 312 (2006), 363.

  35. S. M., JEONG, P. M. SHUM, Y. G. SHEN, K. Y. LI, Y.-W. MAI and H. L. LEE, J. Mater. Sci. (2005), submitted.

  36. Y. G. SHEN, Y.-W. MAI, D. R. MCKENZIE, Q. C. ZHANG, W. D. MCFALL and W. E. MCBRIDE, J. Appl. Phys. 88 (2000) 1380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Y. G. SHEN, Y.-W. MAI, Q. C. ZHANG, D. R. MCKENZIE, W. D. MCFALL and W. E. MCBRIDE, ibid. 87 (2000) 177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. G. C. STONEY, Proc. R. Soc. London A 82 (1909) 172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. S. HAYASHI, T. HIRAI, K. HIRAGA and M. HIRABAYASHI, J. Mater. Sci. 17 (1982) 3336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. V. VALVODA, R. KUZEL, R. CERNY and J. MUSIL, Thin Solid Films 156 (1988) 53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. W. HERR and E. BROSZEIT, Surf. Coat. Technol. 97 (1997) 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. F. KAUFFMANN, G. DEHM, V. SCHIER, A. SCHATTKE, T. BECK, S. LANG and E. ARZT, Thin Solid Films 473 (2005) 114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. B. BHUSHAN, Diam. Relat. Mat. 8 (1999) 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S. VEPREK and S. REIPRICH, Thin Solid Films 268 (1995) 64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. J. H. ROSE, J. R. SMITH, F. GUINEA and J. FERRANTE, Phys. Rev. B 29 (1984) 2963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. VEPREK, S. MUKHERJEE, P. KARVANKOVA, H. D. MANNLING, J. L. HE, K. MOTO, J. PROCHAZKA and A. S. ARGON, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21 (2003) 532.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. R. HILL, “The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity” (Oxford University Press, 1950).

  48. P. MARSH, Proc. R. Soc. London A 279 (1964) 420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. G. I. BARENBLATT, “Scaling” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003).

  50. Y. T. CHENG and C. M. CHENG, Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 44 (2004) 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Z. J. LIU, C. H. ZHANG, Y. G. SHEN and Y.-W. MAI, J. Appl. Phys. 95 (2004) 758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. VEPREK and A. S. ARGON, Surf. Coat. Technol. 146 (2001) 175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. S. VEPREK, S. MUKHERJEE, P. KARVANKOVA, H. D. MANNLING, J. L. HE, K. MOTO, J. PROCHAZKA and A. S. ARGON, Thin Solid Films 436 (2003) 220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. S. VEPREK, S. REIPRICH and S. H. LI, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995) 2640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J. M. CAIRNEY, M. J. HOFFMAN, P. R. MUNROE, P. J. MARTIN and A. BENDAVID, Thin Solid Films 479 (2005) 193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. A. GRIFFITH, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 221 (1921) 163.

    Google Scholar 

  57. E. O. HALL, Proc. Phys. Soc. London B 64 (1951) 747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. N. J. PETCH, J. Iron Steel Inst. 174 (1953) 25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. D. WOLF, V. YAMAKOV, S. R. PHILLPOT, A. MUKHERJEE and H. GLEITER, Acta Mater. 53 (2005) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. S. YIP, Nat. Mater. 3 (2004) 11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Idem., Nature 391 (1998) 532.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. J. SCHIOTZ, F. D. DI TOLLA and K. W. JACOBSEN, ibid. 391 (1998) 561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. J. SCHIOTZ and K. W. JACOBSEN, Science 301 (2003) 1357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. H. VAN SWYGENHOVEN, ibid. 296 (2002) 66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. T. R. SMITH, R. W. ARMSTRONG, P. M. HAZZLEDINE, R. A. MASUMURA and C. S. PANDE (Eds.) “Grain Size and Mechanical Properties — Fundamentals and Applications,” (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1995) Vol. 362.

  66. G. PALUMBO, S. J. THORPE and K. T. AUST, Scr. Metall. Mater. 24 (1990) 1347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. C. SURYANARAYANA, D. MUKHOPADHYAY, S. N. PATANKAR and F. H. FROES, J. Mater. Res. 7 (1992) 2114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. R. O. SCATTERGOOD and C. C. KOCH, Scr. Metall. Mater. 27 (1992) 1195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. V. G. GRYAZNOV and L. I. TRUSOV, Prog. Mater. Sci. 37 (1993) 289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R. A. MASUMURA, P. M. HAZZLEDINE and C. S. PANDE, Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 4527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. R. L. COBLE, J. Appl. Phys. 34 (1963) 1679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. V. YAMAKOV, D. WOLF, S. R. PHILLPOT and H. GLEITER, Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. S. TAKEUCHI, Scr. Mater. 44 (2001) 1483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. F. KAUFFMANN, B. H. JI, G. DEHM, H. J. GAO and E. ARZT, ibid. 52 (2005) 1269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. H. J. GAO, B. H. JI, I. L. JAGER, E. ARZT and P. FRATZL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100 (2003) 5597.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. C. H. ZHANG, Z. J. LIU, K. Y. LI, Y. G. SHEN and J. B. LUO, J. Appl. Phys. 95 (2004) 1460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. M. MURAYAMA, J. M. HOWE, H. HIDAKA and S. TAKAKI, Science 295 (2002) 2433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. I. A. OVID'KO, ibid. 295 (2002) 2386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. M. W. CHEN, E. MA, K. J. HEMKER, H. W. SHENG, Y. M. WANG and X. M. CHENG, ibid. 300 (2003) 1275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Z. W. SHAN, E. A. STACH, J. M. K. WIEZOREK, J. A. KNAPP, D. M. FOLLSTAEDT and S. X. MAO, ibid. 305 (2004) 654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. E. MA, ibid. 305 (2004) 623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. A. Y. LIU and M. L. COHEN, ibid. 245 (1989) 841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. H. W. HUGOSSON, U. JANSSON, B. JOHANSSON and O. ERIKSSON, ibid. 293 (2001) 2434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. B. BHUSHAN, J. N. ISRAELACHVILI and U. LANDMAN, Nature 374 (1995) 607.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. F. M. GAO, J. L. HE, E. D. WU, S. M. LIU, D. L. YU, D. C. LI, S. Y. ZHANG and Y. J. TIAN, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 015502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. J. J. GILMAN, Philos. Mag. A 82 (2002) 1811.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. J. J. GILMAN, Science 261 (1993) 1436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Z. DING, S. ZHOU and Y. ZHAO, Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004) 184117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. P. S. KISLY, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 75 (1986) 107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Z. J. LIU, P. W. SHUM and Y. G. SHEN, Thin Solid Films 468 (2004) 161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. E. B. TADMOR, M. ORTIZ and R. PHILLIPS, Philos. Mag. A 73 (1996) 1529.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Z. CHEN, W. HU, L. SHEN, X. XIN and R. BRANNON, Eng. Fract. Mech. 69 (2002) 1873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Z. CHEN, L. SHEN, Y.-W. MAI and Y. G. SHEN, ZAMP 56 (2005) 908.

  94. J. P. SETHNA, K. A. DAHMEN and C. R. MYERS, Nature 410 (2001) 242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. H. AKAIKE, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 19 (1974) 716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. C. S. LU, R. DANZER and F. D. FISCHER, Phys. Rev. E 65 (2002) 067102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. C. LU, Y.-W. MAI and Y. G. SHEN, ibid. 72 (2005) 027101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chunsheng Lu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lu, C., Mai, YW. & Shen, YG. Recent advances on understanding the origin of superhardness in nanocomposite coatings: A critical review. J Mater Sci 41, 937–950 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6577-9

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6577-9

Keywords

Navigation