Feasibility of three-dimensional macroporous scaffold using calcium phosphate glass and polyurethane sponge

Abstract

Tissue engineering presents an alternative approach to the repair of a damaged tissue by avoiding the need for a permanent implant made of an engineered artificial material. A suitable temporary scaffold material that exhibits adequate mechanical and biological properties is required to enable tissue regeneration by exploiting the body’s inherent repair mechanism, i.e. a regenerative allograft. Synthetic bioresorbable polymers have been attracting attention as tissue engineering scaffolds. However, a number of problems have been encountered such as inflammatory responses and lack of bioactivity. Another good candidate for a tissue engineering scaffold is the calcium phosphates because of their good biocompatibility and osteointegrative properties. Their slow biodegradation is still remains problem, especially for the filling of large bony defects. In this study, we investigated the fabrication method of a three-dimensional reticulated scaffold with interconnected pores of several hundred micrometers using calcium phosphate glass in the system of CaO-CaF₂-P₂O₅-MgO-ZnO and a polyurethane sponge as a template. Calcium phosphate glass slurry was homogenously thick coated when the weight percentage of the calcium phosphate glass powder was 40% with 8 wt% of polyvinyl alcohol as a binder. Addition of 10 wt% dimethyl formamide as a drying control chemical additive into a slurry almost prevented the crack formation during drying. Sintering of the dried porous block at 850°C exhibited the densest microstructure as well as the entire elimination of the organic additives. Repeating the process significantly increased compressive strength of sintered porous body due to the thickening of the struts. To summarize, macroporous calcium phosphate glass can be fabricated with 500∼800 μm of pore size and a three-dimensionally interconnected open pore system. It is thought that this kind of biodegradable glass scaffold combined with osteogenic cells has potential to be studied further as a tissue-engineered bone substitute.