Abstract
The Treatment Outcome Package for children and adolescents (TOP) is a behavioral health and well-being assessment used widely in clinical and child welfare populations. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent validity of the Child and Adolescent versions of the TOP with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) with a community sample. Children and adolescents (N = 203) 3–18 years of age from a community sample completed the CBCL, the SDQ, and the TOP. Significant correlations emerged between the TOP and theoretically similar scales on the SDQ and the CBCL. Analyses demonstrated that the TOP has excellent concurrent validity on most subscales with both the CBCL and the SDQ. These results provide additional evidence for the TOP’s utility and validity as a measure of psychological well-being and functioning.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Alexander, P.C., Bentley, J.H., Kraus, D.R., Baxter, E.E., Boswell, J.F., & Castonguay, L.G. (2016). Placement disruptions and the predictive validity of the Treatment Outcome Package (TOP). Manuscript submitted for publication.
Beacon Health Strategies (2008). Alert score analysis report. Neighborhood Health Plan. Unpublished report.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Tellegen, A., & Dahlstrom, W. G. (2001). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring (rev ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Connor, J., & Rueter, M. (2009). Predicting adolescent suicidality: Comparing multiple informants and assessment techniques. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 619–631.
Derogatis, L. R. (1975). Brief symptom inventory. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometrics Research.
Eisen, S. V., Grob, M. C., & Klein, A. A. (1986). BASIS: The development of a self-report measure of psychiatric inpatient evaluation. Psychiatric Hospital, 17, 165–171.
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.
Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337–1345
Goodman, R., Meltzer, H., & Bailey, V. (1998). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 125–130.
Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999) Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: Is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 17–24.
Hodges, K. (2000). Child and adolescent functional assessment scale. Ypsilanti, MI: Eastern Michigan University.
Kelly, K., O’Donnell, R., Pelletier, A., & Simmons, J. (2008). Behavioral health outcomes program update. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massachusetts. Unpublished report.
Kraus, D.R., Bentley, J.H., Alexander, P.C., Boswell, J.F., Constantino, M., Baxter, E.E., & Castonguay, L.G. (2016). Predicting therapist effectiveness from their own practice-based evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Advance online publication.
Kraus, D. R., Boswell, J. F., Wright, A. G. C., Castonguay, L. G., & Pincus, A. L. (2010). Factor structure of the treatment outcome package for children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 1–14.
Kraus, D. R., Castonguay, L., Boswell, J. F., Nordberg, S. S., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). Therapist effectiveness: Implications for accountability and client care. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 267–276.
Kraus, D. R. & Seligman, D. A. (2004). TOP user's manual. Ashland, MA: Behavioral Health Laboratories.
Kraus, D. R., Seligman, D. A., & Jordan, J. R. (2005). Validation of a behavioral health treatment outcome and assessment tool designed for naturalistic settings: The Treatment Outcome Package. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 285–314.
Lyons, J. S. (2009). Communimetrics: A theory of measurement for human service enterprises. New York: Springer.
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. J., & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247–263.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van den Berg, F. (2003). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Further evidence for its reliability and validity in a community sample of Dutch children and adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 1–8. doi:10.1007/s00787-003-0298-2.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). Manual for the BASC: Behavior assessment system for children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Shakoor, S., Jaffee, S. R., Andreou, P., Bowes, L., Ambler, A. P., Caspi, A., et al. (2011). Mothers and children as informants of bullying victimization: Results from an epidemiological cohort of children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 379–387.
Stelk, W., & M. Berger (2009, June). Predictive modeling: Using TOP clinical domain items to identify adult Medicaid recipients at risk for high utilisation of behavioral health services in a managed care provider network. Paper presented at the 40th annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Santiago, Chile, 2009.
van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2012). Agreement of informants on emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to adulthood. Psychological Assessment, 24, 293–300.
Zou, C., Schimmack, U., & Gere, J. (2013). The validity of well-being measures: A multiple-indicator—multiple-rater model. Psychological Assessment, 25, 1247–1254.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded in part by the Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Duke Endowment. We thank them for their support but acknowledge that the findings and conclusions presented in this report are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of these foundations.
Funding
This research was funded in part by the Annie E. Casey Foundation (Grant No. 212.0369) and the Duke Endowment (Grant No. 1935-SP).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Author David R. Kraus is the developer and owner of the Treatment Outcome Package.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
All data were de-identified throughout the duration of the study and participants remained completely anonymous. Therefore, this study met the criterion of exempt status with regard to an IRB review and did not require informed consent from participants.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baxter, E.E., Alexander, P.C., Kraus, D.R. et al. Concurrent Validation of the Treatment Outcome Package (TOP) for Children and Adolescents. J Child Fam Stud 25, 2415–2422 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0419-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0419-4