Abstract
Alternanthera maritima are used in Brazilian popular medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Species of Alternanthera have demonstrated biological activities in previous scientific studies. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. maritima (EEAM) and the isolated compound 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-vitexin inhibit mechanical hyperalgesia and parameters of inflammation in mice. The oral administration of EEAM significantly inhibited carrageenan (Cg)-induced paw edema and reduced leukocyte migration into the pleural cavity. 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylvitexin significantly inhibited paw edema and reduced both leukocyte migration and the leakage of protein into the pleural cavity. Both EEAM and 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylvitexin significantly prevented the Cg-induced hyperalgesia. Local administration of 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylvitexin significantly prevented the Cg- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced hyperalgesia. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that EEAM is an anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic agent, and the results suggested that 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylvitexin is responsible for the effects of EEAM and the mechanism involves the TNF pathway.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Siqueira, J.C. 1987. Importância alimentícia e medicinal das Amaranthaceaes do Brasil. Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 9: 5–22.
Salvador, M.J., P.S. Pereira, S.C. França, R.C. Candido, I.Y. Ito, and D.A. Dias. 2004. Comparative study of antibacterial and antifugal activity of callus culture and adult plants extracts from Alternanthera maritima (Amaranthaceae). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 35(1–2): 131–136.
Guerra, R.N.M., H.-A.W. Pereira, L.M.S. Silveira, and R.S.G. Olea. 2003. Immunomodulatory properties of Alternanthera tenella Colla aqueous extracts in mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36: 1215–1219.
Sekar, K.C. 2012. Invasive alien plants of Indian Himalayan region—diversity and implication. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3(2): 177–184.
Souza, J.G., R.R. Tomei, A. Kanashiro, L.M. Kabeya, A.E.C.S. Azzolini, D.A. Dias, M.J. Salvador, and Y.M. Lucisano-Valin. 2007. Ethanolic crude extract and flavonoids isolated from Alternanthera maritima: neutrophil chemiluminescence inhibition and free radical scavenging activity. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C: Journal of Biosciences 62(5–6): 339–347.
Salvador, M.J., and D.A. Dias. 2004. Flavone C-glycosides from Alternanthera maritima (Mart.) St. Hil. (Amaranthaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32(1): 107–110.
Hundiwale, Jogendra C., V. Patil Avinash, V. Kulkarni Mohan, D.A. Patil, and G. Mali Ravindra. 2012. A current update on phytopharmacology of the genus Alternanthera. Journal of Pharmacy Research 5(4): 1924–1929.
Salvador, M.J., E.O. Ferreira, S.U. Mertens-Talcott, W.D. Castro, V. Butterweck, H. Derendorf, and D.A. Dias. 2006. Isolation and HPLC quantitative analysis of antioxidant flavonoids from Alternanthera tenella Colla. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C: Journal of Biosciences 61(1–2): 19–25.
Biella, C.A., M.J. Salvador, D.A. Dias, M. Dias-Baruffi, and L.S. Pereira-Crotti. 2008. Evaluation of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical screening of Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae) aqueous extracts. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 103(6): 569–577.
Thakur, M., A.H. Dickenson, and R. Baron. 2014. Osteoarthritis pain: nociceptive or neuropathic? Nature Reviews. Rheumatology 10(6): 374–380.
Treede, R.D., T.S. Jensen, J.N. Campbell, G. Cruccu, J.O. Dostrovsky, J.W. Griffin, P. Hansson, R. Hughes, T. Nurmikko, and J. Serra. 2008. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 70(18): 1630–1635.
Moraes, V.L., L.F. Santos, S.B. Castro, L.H. Loureiro, O.A. Lima, M.L. Sousa, L.M. Yien, B. Rossi-Bergmann, and S.S. Costa. 1994. Inhibition of lymphocyte activation by extracts and fractions of Kalanchoe, Alternanthera, Paullinia and Mikania species. Phytomedicine 1(3): 199–204.
Henriques, M.G., P.M. Silva, M.A. Martins, C.A. Flores, F.Q. Cunha, J. Assreuy-Filho, and R.S. Cordeiro. 1987. Mouse paw edema. A new model for inflammation? Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 20(2): 243–249.
Vinegar, R., J.F. Truax, and J.L. Selph. 1973. Some quantitative temporal characteristics of carrageenin-induced pleurisy in the rat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 143(3): 711–714.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72(1–2): 248–254.
Chaplan, S.R., F.W. Bach, J.W. Pogrel, J.M. Chung, and T.L. Yaksh. 1994. Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 53(1): 55–63.
Mori, L.S., S. Boller, C.A.L. Kassuya, M.É.A. Stefanello, and A.R. Zampronio. 2011. Analgesic effects of the ethanolic extract from Magnolia ovata (Magnoliaceae) trunk bark and of N-acetylxylopine, a semi-synthetic analogue of xylopine. Phytomedicine 18(2–3): 143–147.
Piccinelli A.C., J.A. Santos, E.C. Konkiewitz, S.A. Oesterreich, A.S. Formagio, J. Croda, E.B. Ziff, C.A.L. Kassuya. 2014. Antihyperalgesic and antidepressive actions of (R)-(+)-limonene, α-phellandrene, and essential oil from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits in a neuropathic pain model. Nutritional Neuroscience http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000119.
Cunha, T.M., W.A. Verri Jr., J.S. Silva, S. Poole, F.Q. Cunha, and S.H. Ferreira. 2005. A cascade of cytokines mediates mechanical inflammatory hypernociceptionin mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(5): 1755–1760.
Cunha, T.M., W.A. Verri Jr., I.R. Schivo, M.H. Napimoga, C.A. Parada, S. Poole, M.M. Teixeira, S.H. Ferreira, and F.Q. Cunha. 2008. Crucial role of neutrophils in the development of mechanical inflammatory hypernociception. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 83(4): 824–832.
Coutinho, M.A.S., M.F. Muzitano, and S. Costa. 2009. Flavonóides: potenciais agentes terapêuticos para o processo inflamatório. Revista Virtual de Química 1(3): 241–256.
Borghi, S.M., T.T. Carvalho, L. Staurengo-Ferrari, M.S. Hohmann, P. Pinge-Filho, R. Casagrande, and W.A. Verri Jr. 2013. Vitexin inhibits inflammatory pain in mice by targeting TRPV1, oxidative stress, and cytokines. Journal of Natural Products 76(6): 1141–1149.
Ma, Y., Y. Li, X. Li, and Y. Wu. 2013. Anti-inflammatory effects of 4-methylcyclopentadecanone on edema models in mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14: 23980–23992.
Gomes, R.P., E. Bressan, T.M.D. Silva, S.C. Domenech, and C.R. Tonussi. 2013. Evidence that a physical activity protocol can reduce synovial leukocyte count in arthritic rats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 19(1): 70–73.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful do CAPES, CNPq, FUNDECT, and FAPESP for the financial support.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Santana Aquino, D.F., Piccinelli, A.C., Soares, F.L.P. et al. Anti-hyperalgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Alternanthera Maritima Extract and 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylvitexin in Mice. Inflammation 38, 2057–2066 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0187-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0187-0