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Evolution of predator avoidance in a Daphnia population: evidence from the egg bank

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Abstract

Dormant propagule pools (egg banks) of zooplankton populations that accumulate in sediments provide biological archives of past conditions and enable the investigation of evolutionary changes in populations over relatively long periods of time (many decades). This study examined the egg bank of a Daphnia pulicaria population in a lake that has been stocked annually with rainbow trout (a zooplanktivore) since 1961. Resting eggs from sediments from the 1920s to 2001 (determined by 210Pb dating) were hatched and established as isofemale clonal lines. The phototactic behavior (a proxy for vertical migration behavior) of clones was assessed in the presence and absence of fish kairomones to evaluate the hypothesis that the heavy and consistent level of predation imposed by the stocked trout would have selected for clones that are more negatively phototactic. In addition, exposure to kairomones was expected to induce stronger negative phototaxis for all clones relative to control conditions. The behavior of clones derived from resting eggs from the trout era (after 1961) was significantly more negatively phototactic than it was for pre-trout era clones. Kairomone exposure induced a more negative phototactic response in clones from both eras, but the response was much greater for the pre-trout era clones. These results suggest that the consistently high level of predation by trout over several decades has selected for a conservative (less plastic) vertical migration strategy in which Daphnia maintain a deep daytime distribution with or without the presence of chemical cues from fish predators.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support for this research was provided by the Hamline University Lund Fund and the National Science Foundation (DIGG Grant #0105009). We are very grateful to Dan Engstrom (Science Museum of Minnesota St. Croix Watershed Research Station) for performing the 210Pb dating of the sediment core, to Brian Johnson and Doug Schnurrenburger for their assistance in coring Long Lake, to Emily Walsh and Rebecca Forman for help with the hatching experiments, to Frank Shaw for advice on statistical analyses, and to Robert Sterner for providing access to his laboratory at the University of Minnesota. Lastly, we thank Robert Megard for his consultation at various stages of this research.

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  1. Hamline University, 1536 Hewitt Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55104, USA

    Leif K. Hembre & Laura Ann Peterson

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  1. Leif K. Hembre
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  2. Laura Ann Peterson
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Correspondence to Leif K. Hembre.

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Handling editor: Jasmine Saros

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Hembre, L.K., Peterson, L.A. Evolution of predator avoidance in a Daphnia population: evidence from the egg bank. Hydrobiologia 700, 245–255 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1234-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1234-6

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