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Changes in Climate, Crops, and Tradition: Cajete Maize and the Rainfed Farming Systems of Oaxaca, Mexico

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Abstract

The traditional management systems of the Mixteca Alta Region of Oaxaca, Mexico offer historical lessons about resilience to changes and variability in climate. We interviewed small farmers to inquire about the dynamics of abandonment and persistence of a traditional management system known as cajete maize. The previous generation had sown cajete maize more extensively across the landscape, but farmers increasingly relegated it to high elevation, frost prone agricultural environments that were less suited for seasonal maize. We interpret farmers’ narratives of changing cropping systems from a perspective of general agroecological resilience. The most recent years presented increasingly extreme climatic and socioeconomic hardships: increased temperatures, delayed rainy seasons, reduced capacity of soils to retain soil moisture, changing cultural norms, and reduced rural labor. Transformative change is required to develop novel cropping systems and complementary activities to agriculture that will allow for farming to be sustained in the face of these challenges.

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Notes

  1. Farmers used heat in reference to both temperature and dry periods during the year, which often overlap in monsoon regions of the world.

  2. The farmer used the term “followed the cabañuelas,” which we interpreted to mean “rains were predictable.” The cabañuelas were atmospheric conditions in January that the elders used to predict rainfall patterns for the upcoming rainy season.

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Acknowledgments

This research was made possible thanks to Abelino Célis, Anastasia Velasco López, Eleazar García Jiménez, Estela Rosendo Palacios, Jesús León Santos, and Misael Velasco. Krista Isaacs, Miguel A. Altieri, Liz Carlisle, Shannon Cram, Andrew R. Friedman, Margot Higgins, Julie Klinger, Jeffrey Martin, Gustavo Oliveira, Shoshana Perrey, Nathan Sayre, and Annie Shattuck provided useful feedback on versions of this manuscript. This work was supported by the Garcia Robles-Fulbright under the scholarship “Enhancing the resilience of rainfed agroecosystems to climatic variability in Oaxaca, Mexico”; UC MEXUS under the grants “Importance of social networks in resilience theory” and “Climate change research in Mexico.”

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  1. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Paul Rogé

  2. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Michoacán, México

    Marta Astier

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Correspondence to Paul Rogé.

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Rogé, P., Astier, M. Changes in Climate, Crops, and Tradition: Cajete Maize and the Rainfed Farming Systems of Oaxaca, Mexico. Hum Ecol 43, 639–653 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-015-9780-y

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