Abstract
Low insect resistance has been widely observed in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amino acid compositions and their concentration on the Bt toxin content in Bt cotton to gain a better physiological understanding of the observed phenomenon. In the 2010 study, the leaf amino acid composition, contents, and Bt protein concentrations were investigated under high temperature (36 °C) and low temperature(18 °C) at both square and boll stage respectively. In 2011, the leaves were sprayed with ethionone sulfoximine (MSO), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or combination of MSO and AOA at the two developing stages, and the leaf amino acid composition and Bt protein concentrations were investigated. In 2012, 17 amino acid compositions were used to spray cotton plants at the same two stages, and the Bt protein concentration were measured. In comparison to the control, more amino acids changed and greater concentration changes had been observed under the extreme temperatures at boll stage compared to that at square stage, which were conformity to the changes of the leaf Bt protein concentration. More amino acids reduced and greater reduction was noted with the application of MSO, AOA or combined MSO and AOA at boll period than that at square period, which resulted in the reduction of the leaf Bt toxin concentration. The external uses of Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine and Arginin enhanced the leaf Bt toxin level significantly at boll stage. However, only Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Proline, Methionine, Arginin could increase Bt protein concentration markedly at square period and the bolstered extent were low. Therefore, it was concluded that cotton amino acid composition and concentration was more sensitive to external factors at boll stage. In addition, there are close relationship between leaf Bt toxin content and Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine and Arginin and their concentrations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamczyk JJ, Meredith WR (2004) Genetic 1 basis for the variability of CryIAc expression among commercial transgenic Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) cotton cultivars in the United States. J Cotton Sci 8:17–23
Chen S, Wu JY, He XL, Huang JQ, Zhou BL, Zhang RX (1997) Quantification using ELISA of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein expressed in the tissue of transgenic insect-resistant cotton. J Jiangsu Agric Sci 3:154–156
Chen DH, Ye GY, Yang CQ, Chen Y, Wu YK (2004) Effect of introducing Bacillus Thuringiensis gene on nitrogen metabolism in cotton. Field Crop Res 87:235–244
Chen DH, Ye GY, Yang CQ, Chen Y, Wu YK (2005a) Effect of introducing Bacillus Thuringiensis gene on nitrogen metabolism in cotton. Field Crop Res 92:1–9
Chen DH, Ye GY, Yang CQ, Chen Y, Wu YK (2005b) The effect of the high temperature on the insecticidal properties of the cotton. Environ Exp Bot 53:333–342
Chen Y, Wen YJ, Chen Y et al (2012a) Effects of extreme air temperature and humidity on the insecticidal expression level of Bt cotton. J Integr Agric 11:101–108
Chen Y, Chen Y, Wen YJ, Zhang X, Chen DH (2012b) The effects of the relative humidity on the insecticidal expression level of Bt cotton during bolling period under high temperature. Field Crop Res 131:141–147
Chen Y, Wen YJ, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wang YH, Chen DH (2013) The recovery of Bt toxin content after temperature stressed termination in transgenic cotton. Spanish J Agric Res 11:438–446
Clive J (2012) The development state for commercial 1 Biotechnology and transgenic crops. China. Biotechnology 32:1–14
Deotale RD, Potkile NN, Dhopte AM (1988) Relative changes in free amino acid contents associated with boll shedding in upland cotton cultivars and hybrids. Ann Plant Physiol 2:94–100
Dong ZQ, He ZP, Zhai XJ (2000) The metabolic characters of nitrogen in leaves of Bt transgenic cotton Nucoton 33B and its regulation (in Chinese with English abstract). Cotton Sci 3:113–117
Glenn DS (2011) Field versus Farm Warangal: Bt cotton, high yields, and larger questions. World Dev 3:387–398
Greenplate JT, Penn SR, Mullins JW, Oppenhuizen M (2000) Seasonal CryIAc levels in DP50B: The “Bollgard® basis” for Bollgard II. In: Dugger P, Richter D (eds) Beltwide cotton conference proceedings. National Cotton Council, Memphis, pp 1039–1040
Halevy AH (1985) Handbook of flowering. In: Halevy AH (ed) CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, p 575
Huang Jk. Mi JW, Lin H, Wang ZJ, Chen RJ, Hu RF, Scott R, Carl P (2010) A decade of Bt cotton in Chinese field: assessing direct effect 1 and indirect externalities of 2 Bt cotton adoption in China. Sci China-life Sci 53:981–991
Magnaval C, Noirot M, Verdeil JL, Blattes A, Huet C, Grosdemange F, Buffard-morel J (1995) Free amino acid composition of coconut (COCOS nucifera L.) calli under somatic embryogenesis induction conditions. J Plant Physiol 146:155–161
Perumal NK, aidu KM (1987) Changes in amino acid content and composition of boll during development in linted and lintless cotton. Indian J Plant Physiol 30:226–229
Shen P, Lin KJ, Zhang YJ, Wu KM, Guo YY (2010) Seasonal expression of Bacillius Thuingiensis insecticidal protein and control to cotton bollworm in different varieties of transgenic cotton. Cotton Sci 22:393–397
Stam M, Mol JM, Kooter JM (1997) The silence of gene in transgenic plant. Ann Bot 79:3–12
Thorpe TA (1983) Morphogenesis and regeneration in tissue culture. Genetic engineering: applications to agriculture, pp 285–302
Wang YH, Ye GY, Luan N, Xiao J, Chen Y, Chen DH (2009) Boll size affects the insecticidal protein cotton in Bacillius Thuringiensis(Bt) cotton. Field Crop Res 110:106–110
Weiler EW, Jourdan PS, Conrad W (1981) Levels of indole-3-aceticacid and intact decapitated coleoptiples as determined 1 by a specific and highly sensitive solid-phase enzyme immuno-assay. Planta 153:561–571
Wu JG, Shi CH, Zhao XM (2002) Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Field crop Res 75:1–7
Xia LQ, Guo SD (2004) High temperature on Bt gene expression of Bt cotton. China Agric Sci 11:1733–1737
Zhang YJ, Guo YY (2000) Interactions between condensed tannin and crystal protein in cotton. Cotton Sci 12:294–297
Zhang X, Zhang L, Ye GY, Wang YH, Chen Y, Chen DH (2007) The impact of introducing the Bacillus thuringiensis gene into cotton on boll nitrogen metabolism. Environ Exp Bot 61:175–180
Zhang X, Lü CH, Chen Y, Wang GX, Chen Y, Chen DH (2014) Relationship between leaf C/N ratio and insecticidal protein expression in Bt cotton as affected by high temperature and N rate. J Integr Agric 13:82–88
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the Projects #31471435, #31671613 and #31301263 supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, Project 2016PCTS-1 supported by Innovation Project of CAAS, and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China(PAPD), Projects SXGC(2014)317, (2016)320 supported by Three New Technology Foundation of Agriculture in Jiangsu Province (China).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abidallha, E.H.M.A., Li, Y., Li, H. et al. Amino acid composition and level affect Bt protein concentration in Bt cotton. Plant Growth Regul 82, 439–446 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0270-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0270-7