Abstract
Conversion of forests to farm lands without trees and farm lands with scattered trees (traditional agroforestry systems) may lead to decline of soil organic carbon (SOC) and N stocks provided that they have similar original status. This study was conducted on soils with the age chronosequences of 12, 20, 30, 40, 50 years of farm (F), traditional agroforestry (AF) and the adjacent natural forest (NF) lands. We studied the changes in the concentration and stocks of SOC, total N and their distribution in the soil profile of an Andic Paleustalfs in Gambo District, Southern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected at 10, 20, 40, 60, 100 cm depth interval from pits of 1 m depth in all land use types and they were analyzed for their SOC and N stock. The results showed that the greater proportion of SOC and N was concentrated in 0–20 cm depth and that their concentration in AF and F land uses was significantly lower than that under the NF. Soils in traditional agroforestry land use showed a trend of higher SOC stocks in all chronosequences than those under the corresponding farm lands. The SOC stock under the chronosequence of 12–50 years of AF and F land uses varied from 28.2 to 98.9 Mg ha−1 or 12 to 43 % of the stock under the NF. The SOC was less by 6.2 Mg ha−1 year−1 for AF12 and 0.9 Mg ha−1 year−1 for AF50 compared with NF. The corresponding values for farm lands were 6.6 and 1.3 Mg ha−1 year−1. The N values of all land uses were also less than that of the NF. The SOC and N stocks tended to be less in farm lands than in the traditional agroforestry. However, the SOC stocks were not significantly higher with AF compared with F suggesting that the parkland systems as practiced is not sufficient to overcome other effects of cultivation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albrecht A, Kandji ST (2003) Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 99:15–27
Ashagrie Y, Zech W, Guggenberger G (2005) Transformation of a Podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into a monoculture Eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munesa, Ethiopia: soil organic C, N and S dynamics in primary particle and aggregate-size fractions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:89–98
Awasthi KD, Singh BR, Sitaula BK (2005) Profile carbon and nutrient levels and management effect on soil quality indicators in the Mardi watershed of Nepal. Acta Agric Scand B 55:192–204
Blakemore LC, Searle PL, Daly BK (1987) Methods for chemical analysis of soils. New Zealand soil bureau scientific report 80. Soil Bureau, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R (2007) Soil and crop response to harvesting corn residues for biofuel production. Geoderma 141:355–362
Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R (2008) Corn stover removal impacts on micro-scale soil physical properties. Geoderma 145:335–346
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R (2011) Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under plantations in Gambo District, Southern Ethiopia. Sustain For 30(6):496–517
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R, Børresen T (2012a) Effects of eucalyptus and coniferous plantations on soil properties in Gambo District, Southern Ethiopia. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Plant Soil Sci 62:467–476
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R, Børresen T (2012b) Leaf litter fall and litter decomposition under Eucalyptus and coniferous plantations in Gambo District, Southern Ethiopia. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Plant Soil Sci 62:467–476
Dixon RK (1995) Agroforestry systems: sources of sinks of greenhouse gases? Agrofor Syst 31:99–116
Duiker SW, Lal R (2000) Carbon budget study using CO2 flux measurements from a no till system in central Ohio. Soil Tillage Res 54:21–30
Elberling B, Toure A, Rasmussen K (2003) Changes in soil organic matter following groundnut-millet cropping at three locations in semi-arid Senegal, West Africa. Agric Ecosyst Environ 96:37–47
Ellert BH, Janzen HH, McConkey BG (2001) Measuring and comparing soil carbon storage. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follet RF, Stewart BA (eds) Assessment methods for soil carbon. Lewis imprint of the CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 131–146
Fu BJ, Liu SL, Chen LD, Lü YH, Qiu J (2004) Soil quality regime in relation to land cover and slope position across a highly modified slope landscape. Ecol Res 19:111–118
Godsey CB, Pierzynski GM, Mengel DB, Lamond RE (2007) Changes in soil pH, organic carbon, and extractable aluminum from crop rotation and tillage. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:1038–1044
Guo LB, Gifford RM (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Glob Change Biol 8:345–360
Gupta RK, Rao DLN (1994) Potential of wastelands for sequestering carbon by reforestation. Curr Sci Bangalore 65:378–380
Hawando T (1997) Desertification in Ethiopian highlands. Rala Report No. 200
Janzen HH (2006) The soil carbon dilemma: shall we hoard it or use it? Soil Biol Biochem 38:419–424
Jimqnez JJ, Lal R, Leblanc HA, Russo RO (2007) Soil organic carbon pool under native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. For Ecol Manage 241:134–144
Kirby KR, Potvin C (2007) Variation in carbon storage among tree species: implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project. For Ecol Manage 246:208–221
Lal R (2002) Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland. Environ Pollut 116:353–362
Lemenih M, Itanna F (2004) Soil carbon stocks and turnovers in various vegetation types and arable lands along an elevation gradient in Southern Ethiopia. Geoderma 123:177–188
Liao JD, Boutton TW, Jastrow JD (2006) Storage and dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil physical fractions following woody plant invasion of grassland. Soil Biol Biochem 38:3184–3196
Loveland P, Webb J (2003) Is there a critical level of organic matter in the agricultural soils of temperate regions: a review. Soil Tillage Res 70:1–18
Mizota C Van Reeuwijk LP (1989) Clay mineralogy and chemistry of soils formed in volcanic materials in diverse climatic regions. Soil Monograph 2, Wageningen ISRIC, pp 186
Murty D, Kirschbaum MUF, Mcmurtrie RE, Mcgilvray H (2002) Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Glob Change Biol 8:105–123
Oades JM (1988) The retention of organic matter in soils. Biogeochemistry 5:35–70
Paustian K, Andren O, Janzen HH, Lal R, Smith P, Tian G, Tiessen H, Van Noordwijk M, Woomer PL (1997) Agricultural soils as a sink to mitigate CO2 emissions. Soil Use Manag 13:230–244
Percival HJ, Parfitt RL, Scott NA (2000) Factors controlling soil carbon levels in New Zealand grasslands: is clay content important? Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1623
Post WM, Kwon KC (2000) Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Glob Change Biol 6:317–327
Sa JCD, Cerri CC, Dick WA, Lal R, Venske SP, Piccolo MC, Feigl BE (2001) Organic matter dynamics and carbon sequestration rates for a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian Oxisol. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65:1486–1499
SAS (2003) SAS/Procedure Guide, Release SAS 9.1.3, Service Pack 1. SAS Iistitute Inc, Cary, NC, USA
Singh BR, Lal R (2005) The potential of soil carbon sequestration through improved management practices in Norway. Environ Dev Sustain 7(161–184):2001
Soil Survey Staff (1999) Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd ed. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural resource Conservation Service, Washington, DC, 20402
Solomon D, Fritzsche F, Lehmann J, Tekalign M, Zech W (2002a) Soil organic matter dynamics in the subhumid agroecosystems of the Ethiopian highlands: evidence from natural C-13 abundance and particle-size fractionation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:969–978
Solomon D, Lehmann J, Mamo T, Fritzsche F, Zech W (2002b) Phosphorus forms and dynamics as influenced by land use changes in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. Geoderma 105:21–48
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Nair VD (2008) Carbon stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agric Ecosyst Environ 125:159–166
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Nair VD (2009) Contribution of trees to soil carbon sequestration under agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agrofor Syst 76:11–25
Tan KH (2005) Soil sampling, preparation, and analysis, 2nd edn. Tailor & Francis Group, Boca Raton
Turner J, Lambert MJ, Johnson DW (2005) Experience with patterns of change in soil carbon resulting from forest plantation establishment in eastern Australia. For Ecol Manage 220:259–269
Van Veen JA, Kuikman PJ (1990) Soil structural aspects of decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms. Biogeochemistry 11:213–233
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29
Yimer F, Ledin S, Abdelkadir A (2007) Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in three adjacent land use types in the Bale Mountains, south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia. For Ecol Manage 242:337–342
Zunino H, Borie F, Aguilera S, Martin JP, Haider K (1982) Decomposition of 14C-labeled glucose, plant and microbial products and phenols in volcanic ash-derived soils of Chile. Soil Biol Biochem 14:37–43
Acknowledgments
The financial support to this study through NORAD to Hawassa University, Ethiopia is gratefully acknowledged. Our special thanks go to Line Tau Strand, Jan Mulder and Tore Krogstad for their inspiring comment during the write up of the manuscript. Our special thanks go to Mr Teramage Tesfaye for his enormous assistance during the entire period of data collection and practical work in the field.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Demessie, A., Singh, B.R. & Lal, R. Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under chronosequence of farm and traditional agroforestry land uses in Gambo District, Southern Ethiopia. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 95, 365–375 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-013-9570-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-013-9570-0