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Does variation in host plant association and symbiont infection of pea aphid populations induce genetic and behaviour differentiation of its main parasitoid, Aphidius ervi?

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Abstract

The host-associated differentiation (HAD) hypothesis states that higher trophic levels in parasitic associations should exhibit similar divergence in case of host sympatric speciation. We tested HAD on populations of Aphidius ervi the main parasitoid of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, emerging from host populations specialized on either alfalfa or red clover. Host and parasitoid populations were assessed for genetic variation and structure, while considering geography, host plant and host aphid protective symbionts Regiella insecticola and Hamiltonella defensa as potential covariables. Cluster and hierarchical analyses were used to assess the contribution of these variables to population structure, based on genotyping pea aphids and associated A. ervi with microsatellites, and host aphid facultative symbionts with 16S rDNA markers. Pea aphid genotypes were clearly distributed in two groups closely corresponding with their plant origins, confirming strong plant associated differentiation of this aphid in North America. Overall parasitism by A. ervi averaged 21.5 % across samples, and many parasitized aphids producing a wasp hosted defensive bacteria, indicating partial or ineffective protective efficacy of these symbionts in the field. The A. ervi population genetic data failed to support differentiation according to the host plant association of their pea aphid host. Potential for parasitoid specialization was also explored in experiments where wasps from alfalfa and clover aphids were reciprocally transplanted on alternate hosts, the hypothesis being that wasp behaviour and parasitic stages should be most adapted to their host of origin. Results revealed higher probability of oviposition on the alfalfa aphids, but higher adult emergence success on red clover aphids, with no interaction as expected under HAD. We conclude that our study provides no support for the HAD in this system. We discuss factors that might impair A. ervi specialization on its divergent aphid hosts on alfalfa and clover.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a NSERC Discovery grant to Conrad Cloutier. We thank summer students (Sophie Laliberté, Joseph Moisan-De Serres, Anne Bogeto, Aurélie Guy and Claudia Zdenka-Ficher) for technical help with aphid and parasitoid collecting and rearing. We also thank Lucie Mieuzet for pea aphid genotyping and help with aphid symbiont detection, Jérôme Lemaître for help with data analysis, Pierre Duchesne from Université Laval for help with cluster analysis, Gaétan Daigle for help with AMOVA and Marie-Claude Gagnon for help with genetic analysis.

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  1. Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Emilie Bilodeau, Jean-Frédéric Guay, Julie Turgeon & Conrad Cloutier

  2. INRA, UMR 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France

    Jean-Christophe Simon

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  1. Emilie Bilodeau
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Correspondence to Conrad Cloutier.

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Bilodeau, E., Simon, JC., Guay, JF. et al. Does variation in host plant association and symbiont infection of pea aphid populations induce genetic and behaviour differentiation of its main parasitoid, Aphidius ervi?. Evol Ecol 27, 165–184 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-012-9577-z

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