Abstract
This paper reports pioneering work in identifying an alternative coagulation agent of wastewater treatment, given the availability of commonly used agents are of a higher cost relative to more natural sources, such as soil. The alternative proposed is laterite soil from northern Malaysia because it contains high amounts of Al and Fe, which are well-known coagulants. The soil was grinded and sieved to obtain uniform particle sizes of <250 μm. Al and Fe were extracted from the soil. Extraction agents: (1) HCl, (2) NaOH, and (3) HCl + NaCl were chosen. It was found that the most effective agent to extract Fe was 5 N HCl while to extract Al was HCl + NaCl, 2 and 4 N, respectively. D-optimal design observed that extraction time t, temperature T, and ratio of amount of laterite soil to amount of extractants r, showed a significant effect on Al extraction. In contrast, the combination of factors t and r exhibited insignificant effect on Fe extraction while other factors were significant. The optimum conditions for extraction of both Al and Fe were 90 °C, 40 min, for r = 1:15, which gave [Fe] = 1,870 mg/l and [Al] = 0.17 mg/l and 90 °C, 90 min, for r = 1:10, which gave [Fe] = 2,900 mg/l and [Al] = 0.130 mg/l. Since concentration of Fe extracted from laterite soil was high, it was concluded that laterite soil can be considered as an alternative and novel source of coagulant applicable in a wastewater treatment coagulation process.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia for providing the infrastructure and financial assistance that made this work possible. The authors would also like to acknowledge the meticulous laboratory work done by Tan Lean Ping and the effort given by Lim Han Khim.
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Alkarkhi, A.F.M., Yusup, Y. & Teng, T.T. Optimal conditions of Al and Fe extraction from laterite soil using D-optimal design. Environmentalist 32, 453–463 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-012-9410-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-012-9410-9