References
D’Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, et al. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer—a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;299:289–95.
D’Amico AV, Denham JW, Crook J, et al. Influence of androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer on the frequency and timing of fatal myocardial infarctions. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2420–5.
Keating NL, O’Malley AJ, Smith MR. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4448–56.
Braga-Basaria M, Dobs AS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome in men with prostate cancer undergoing long-term androgen deprivation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3979–83.
Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, et al. Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381:1469–77.
Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:215–24.
Thompson IM Jr, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. Long-yerm survival of participants in the prostate cancer prevention trial. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:603–10.
Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, et al. Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1106–14.
Wise J. Bowel screening has long term benefits, research shows. BMJ. 2013;347:f5773.
Bellavia A, Bottai M, Wolk A, et al. Physical activity and mortality in a prospective cohort of middle-aged and elderly men—a time perspective. Intl J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:94.
Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body Mass index categories—a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309:71–82.
Jokela M, Batty GD, Nyberg ST, et al. Personality and all-cause mortality: individual-participant meta-analysis of 3, 947 deaths in 76, 150 adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:667–75.
Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, et al. Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors. Intl J Epidemiol. 2006;35:337–44.
Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2211–9.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported in part by grant # K05CA092002 from the US National Cancer Institute. The author would like to thank Amanda Phipps, Ph.D. and Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Ph.D. for comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weiss, N.S. All-cause mortality as an outcome in epidemiologic studies: proceed with caution. Eur J Epidemiol 29, 147–149 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9899-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9899-y