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Short- and long-term responses and recovery of mussels Mytilus edulis exposed to heavy fuel oil no. 6 and styrene

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Abstract

Biomarkers have the potential to be used to assess the impact of anthropogenic discharges in marine waters. We have used a suite of biomarkers spanning from enzymatic to histopathological alterations and general stress responses to assess the short- and long-term impact on mussels Mytilus edulis of heavy fuel oil no. 6 and styrene. Mussels were exposed for 5 months, with a refilling of the exposure system, to a water soluble fraction of heavy fuel and, then, kept for a month in clean water for recovery. In a second experiment, mussels were exposed to styrene for 19 days and maintained in clean water for up to 4 months. Chemical body tissue levels reflected the weathering processes of these compounds. Acyl-CoA oxidase activity was induced in oil-exposed mussels after refilling, whereas styrene inhibited it after 19 days of exposure and after 2 weeks in clean water. Gamete development and alkali-labile phosphate levels suggest that neither oil nor styrene behaved as endocrine disruptors. Neutral red retention time was lower in treated groups than in controls. Lysosomal membrane stability was significantly reduced in exposed groups and recovered after withdrawal of oil but not after removal of styrene. Neither oil nor styrene exposure affected the condition index except for the reduction seen in mussels exposed to oil for 1 month. Biomarker response index discriminated exposed mussels, which showed higher values, and returned to control levels after recovery. Results obtained from these pilot experiments can help to identify relevant monitoring tools to assess the impact of oil and chemicals in marine spill scenarios.

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Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkali-labile phosphate

AOX:

Acyl-CoA oxidase

CI:

Condition index

EPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

GI:

Gonad index

LMS:

Lysosomal membrane stability

LP:

Labilisation period

NRRT:

Neutral red retention time

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

VTG:

Vitellogenin

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the European Commission (Directorate-General Environment) through the PRAGMA project “A pragmatic and integrated approach for the evaluation of environmental impact of oil and chemicals spilled at sea: Input to European guidelines” (Grant No. 07.030900/2005/429172/SUB/A5) with additional support from Total E&P Norge as, the Spanish MEC (project CANCERMAR, CTM2006-06192 and a predoctoral fellowship to P. Ruiz), Basque Government through the strategic action ETORTEK-IMPRES and a grant to consolidated research groups (GIC07/26-IT-393-07) and the UPV/EHU through a grant to the Unit of Formation and Research “Protection of ecosystem health” (UFI11/37). The authors would also like to thank Dr. Stephane Le Floch (Cedre, France) and Dr. Michael Theron (UPCI, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, France) for their help in the design and fruitful discussions during the course of this study.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CBET Research Group, Department Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Science and Technology Faculty, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Sarriena z/g, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain

    Pamela Ruiz, Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia, Amaia Orbea & Miren P. Cajaraville

  2. International Research Institute of Stavanger/IRIS-Biomiljø, Merkjarvik 12, 4070, Randaberg, Norway

    Sjur Vingen, Anne Hjelle & Thierry Baussant

  3. SMI Energi and Miljø, Postboks 8034, Postterminalen, 4068, Stavanger, Norway

    Sjur Vingen

  4. Mediteam, Sjøveien 34, 4315, Sandnes, Norway

    Anne Hjelle

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  1. Pamela Ruiz
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Correspondence to Miren P. Cajaraville.

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Ruiz, P., Ortiz-Zarragoitia, M., Orbea, A. et al. Short- and long-term responses and recovery of mussels Mytilus edulis exposed to heavy fuel oil no. 6 and styrene. Ecotoxicology 23, 861–879 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1226-6

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