Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A Community Long-Term Hotline Therapeutic Intervention Model for Coping with the Threat and Trauma of War and Terror

  • Brief Communication
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Long-term tele-counseling can potentially be a potent intervention mode in war- and terror-related community crisis situations. We aimed to examine a unique long-term telephone-administered intervention, targeting community trauma-related crisis situations by use of various techniques and approaches. 142 participants were evaluated using a non-intrusive by-proxy methodology appraising counselors’ standard verbatim reports. Various background measures and elements in the intervention were quantitatively assessed, along with symptomatology and functioning at the onset and end of intervention. About 1/4 of the wide variety of clients called for someone else in addition to themselves, and most called due to a past event rather than a present crisis situation. The intervention successfully reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms and improved functioning. Most interventions included psychosocial education with additional elements, e.g., self-help tools, and almost 60 % included also in-depth processes. In sum, tele-counseling might be a viable and effective intervention model for community-related traumatic stress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., & Fakher-Aldin, M. (2003). Telephone counseling: A comparison of Arab and Jewish Israeli usage. International Social Work, 46(4), 495–509. doi:10.1177/0020872803464006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ari, A., & Azaiza, F. (2003). Effectiveness of help lines among sociopolitical minorities: A view from both sides of the line. Families in Society, 84(3), 417–422. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, R., & Gelkopf, M. (2009). School-based intervention for the treatment of tsunami-related distress in children: A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 364–371. doi:10.1159/000235976.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diab, S., & Sandler-Leff, A. (2011). Mental health and mentally disabled people in the Arab society in Israel. {in Hebrew}. Joint Israel publication. Retrieved from: http://www2.jdc.org.il/files/disability/publications/NifgaeiNefesh.pdf.

  • Fischer, E. H., & Turner, J. L. (1970). Orientations to seeking professional help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 35(1), 79–90. doi:10.1037/h0029636.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelkopf, M., Berger, R., Bleich, A., & Silver, R. C. (2012). Protective factors and predictors of vulnerability to chronic stress: A comparative study of 4 communities after 7 years of continuous rocket fire. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 757–766. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelkopf, M., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Bikman, M., & Kravetz, S. (2013a). Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: A randomized control trial. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 485–493. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.026.

  • Gelkopf, M., Solomon, Z., Berger, R., & Bleich, A. (2008). The mental health impact of terrorism on the Arab minority in Israel. A repeat cross-sectional study of Arabs and Jews. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavica, 117, 269–380. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01164.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelkopf, M., Solomon, Z., & Bleich, A. (2013b). A longitudinal study of changes in psychological responses to continuous terrorism. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 50(2), 100–109. Retrieved from http://young.doctorsonly.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/06_A-Longitudinal-Study.pdf.

  • Gilat, I., & Latzer, Y. (2007). Characteristics of calls to the Israeli hotline during the Intifada. Community Mental Health Journal, 43(4), 401–420. doi:10.1007/s10597-007-9085-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilat, I., Lobel, T. E., & Gil, T. (1998). Characteristics of calls to Israeli hotlines during the Gulf war. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(5), 697–704. doi:10.1023/A:1022146130836.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Rivas, V., Silver, R. C., Holman, A. E., McIntosh, D., & Poulin, M. (2007). Parental response and adolescent adjustment to the September, 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1038–1063. doi:10.1002/jts.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H., Pelesky, C. A., Bruno, R., & Sette, R. (1990). Post-traumatic stress disorder conflicts in Vietnam combat veterans: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 573–591. doi:10.1002/jts.2490030408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, M. S., Kalafat, J. H., Munfakh, J. L., & Kleinman, M. (2007). An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes part 2: Suicidal callers. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(3), 338–352. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grand, S. (2000). The reproduction of evil: A clinical and cultural perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haimov, S. (2005). Telephone interventions after terror attacks. In E. Somer & A. Bleich (Eds.), Mental health in the shadow of terror: The Israeli experience (pp. 123–129). Tel Aviv: Ramot. In Hebrew.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemenover, S. H. (2003). The good, the bad, and the healthy: Impacts of emotional disclosure of trauma on resilient self-concept and psychological distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1236–1244. doi:10.1177/0146167203255228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J.L. (1994). Trauma and Recovery. (A. Zilber trans). Tel Aviv: Am Oved.

  • Hilty, D. M., Ferrer, D. C., Burke-Parish, M., Johnston, B., Callahan, E. J., & Yellowlees, P. M. (2013). The effectiveness of telemental health: A review. Telemedicine & E-health, 19(6), 444–454. doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo, P., Segwick, P., Black, A., & Lacey, H. (1999). Telephone counseling—The EDA approach. European Eating Disorders Review, 7, 300–309. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199908)7:4<300:AID-ERV279>3.0.CO;2-P.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunkeler, E. M., Meresman, J. F., Hargreaves, W. A., Fireman, B., Berman, W. H., Kirsch, A. J., et al. (2000). Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depressing in primary care. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 700–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Israel bureau of Statistics (2008). Israel bureau of Statistics census 2008. (Israel bureau of Statistics publication). Retrieved from: http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_h_000000.pdf.

  • Kalafat, J. H., Gould, M. S., Munfakh, J. L., & Kleinman, M. (2007). An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes part 1: Non-suicidal crisis callers. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(3), 322–337. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laszlo, J. V., Esterman, G., & Zabko, S. (1999). Therapy over the internet? Theory, research and finances. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(4), 293–307. doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, L. S., & Christensen, H. (2006). A systematic review of telephone-based interventions for mental disorders. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 12(3), 122–129. doi:10.1258/135763306776738558.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D. (2012). Counseling by telephone: An overview. In D. Lester & J. R. Rogers (Eds.), Crisis intervention and counseling by telephone and the internet (3rd ed.). Illinois: Charles Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makler, S., Sigal, M., Gelkopf, M., Kochba, B. B., & Horeb, E. (1990). Combat-related, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for group-therapy intervention. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 44(3), 381–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pietrzak, R. A., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF–OIF veterans. Psychiatric Services, 60(8), 1118–1122. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.8.1118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. S., Astacio, M., & Sobong, L. C. (1997). Telephone hotline assessment and counselling of suicidal military service veterans in the USA. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(4), 716–722. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9354983.

  • Richman, S. (2006). Finding one’s voice: Transforming trauma into autobiographical narrative. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 42, 639–650. doi:10.1080/00107530.2006.10747136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riemer-Riess, M. L. (2000). Utilizing distance technology for mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(3), 189–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, D. M., Gallagher, M. W., Feinstein, B. A., Lee, D. J., & Pruneau, G. M. (2011). Efficacy of telehealth treatments for posttraumatic stress-related symptoms: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 111–125. doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.550058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somer, E., Tamir, E., Maguen, S., & Litz, B. T. (2005). Brief cognitive-behavioral phone-based intervention targeting anxiety about the threat of attack: A pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 669–679. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, R. P., Fergus, K. D., Cox, B. J., & Wickwire, K. (1995). Efficacy of telephone-administered behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(4), 465–469. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00061-N.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weathers, F. W., & Ford, J. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL-C, PCL-S, PCL-M, PCL-PR). In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Baltimore, MD: The Sidran Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liron Lapid.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gelkopf, M., Haimov, S. & Lapid, L. A Community Long-Term Hotline Therapeutic Intervention Model for Coping with the Threat and Trauma of War and Terror. Community Ment Health J 51, 249–255 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9786-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9786-8

Keywords

Navigation