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Population structure and genetic diversity of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) above and below natural and man-made barriers in the Russian River, California

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Abstract

The effects of landscape features on gene flow in threatened and endangered species play an important role in influencing the genetic structure of populations. We examined genetic variation of trout in the species Oncorhynchus mykiss at 22 microsatellite loci from 20 sites in the Russian River basin in central California. We assessed relative patterns of genetic structure and variation in fish from above and below both natural (waterfalls) and man-made (dams) barriers. Additionally, we compared sites sampled in the Russian River with sites from 16 other coastal watersheds in California. Genetic variation among the 20 sites sampled within the Russian River was significantly partitioned into six groups above natural barriers and one group consisting of all below barrier and above dam sites. Although the below-barrier sites showed moderate gene flow, we found some support for sub-population differentiation of individual tributaries in the watershed. Genetic variation at all below-barrier sites was high compared to above-barrier sites. Fish above dams were similar to those from below-barrier sites and had similar levels of genetic diversity, indicating they have not been isolated very long from below-barrier populations. Population samples from above natural barriers were highly divergent, with large F st values, and had significantly lower genetic diversity, indicating relatively small population sizes. The origins of populations above natural barriers could not be ascertained by comparing microsatellite diversity to other California rivers. Finally, below-barrier sites farther inland were more genetically differentiated from other watersheds than below-barrier sites nearer the river’s mouth.

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Acknowledgements

We thank B. Freel for the initial inspiration for this project. We also thank K. Adams, L. Gilbert-Horvath, M. Hachmyer, A. Martinez, S. McNeil, J. Neilsen, J. Philips, S. Thibault, and T. Weiseth for their valuable contribution to this study in the field and in the lab. Additionally, we thank reviewers at the California Academy of Sciences, D. Pearse, R. Waples, and two anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. This research was funded in part by a grant from the California Department of Fish and Game (Agreement No. P0030495) and in part by Sonoma State University and NOAA Fisheries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA

    Kristy Deiner & Derek J. Girman

  2. NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA

    John Carlos Garza

  3. California Department of Fish and Game, Yountville, CA, 94599, USA

    Robert Coey

Authors
  1. Kristy Deiner
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  2. John Carlos Garza
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  3. Robert Coey
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  4. Derek J. Girman
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derek J. Girman.

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix I Sample sizes (N), number of alleles (A) and observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) at 22 microsatellite loci with all individuals for the twenty sites sampled on the Russian River watershed. Abbreviations listed in Table 1 and loci described in Table 3
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Deiner, K., Garza, J.C., Coey, R. et al. Population structure and genetic diversity of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) above and below natural and man-made barriers in the Russian River, California. Conserv Genet 8, 437–454 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-006-9183-0

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