Abstract
The current study evaluated parenting behaviors (i.e., parental monitoring, inconsistent discipline, parental involvement, positive parenting, and corporal punishment) as moderators of the link between proactive and reactive aggression and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in a community sample of 89 children ranging from 9 to 12 years of age (M = 10.44, SD = 1.14; 56 % male). Reactive, but not proactive, aggression was uniquely positively associated with ODD symptoms. Additionally, inconsistent discipline moderated the association between proactive, but not reactive, aggression and ODD symptoms, such that proactive aggression was associated with ODD symptoms only when levels of inconsistent discipline were high. Findings appear to suggest that associations between these aggression subtypes and ODD symptoms are influenced by different factors, with inconsistent discipline indicated in the association between proactively aggressive behavior and ODD symptoms. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nock MK, Kazdin AE, Hiripi E, Kessler RC (2007) Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48:703–713
American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn, text rev). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
Loeber R, Burke JD, Pardini DA (2009) Development and etiology of disruptive and delinquent behavior. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 5:291–310
Pardini DA, Fite PJ (2010) Symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and callous–unemotional traits as unique predictors of psychosocial maladjustment in boys: advancing an evidence base for DSM-V. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:1134–1144
Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB, Winters A, Zera M (2000) Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 year part 1. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:1468–1484
Mulligan G, Douglas JW, Hammon WA, Tizard J (1963) Delinquency and symptoms of maladjustment: the findings of a longitudinal study. Proc R Soc Med 56:1083–1086
Parker JG, Asher SR (1987) Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychol Bull 102:357–389
Vitaro F, Gendreau PL, Tremblay RE, Oligny P (1998) Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39:377–385
Barnes GM, Hoffman JH, Welte JW, Farrell MP, Dintcheff BA (2006) Effects of parental monitoring and peer deviance on substance use and delinquency. J Marriage Fam 68:1084–1104
Dishion TJ, McMahon RJ (1998) Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: a conceptual and empirical formulation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1:61–75
Stanger C, Dumenci L, Kamon J, Burstein M (2004) Parenting and children’s externalizing problems in substance-abusing families. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:590–600
Burke JD, Loeber R, Birmaher B (2002) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:1275–1293
Costin J, Lichte C, Hill-Smith A, Vance A, Luk E (2004) Parent group treatments for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Aust e-J Adv Ment Health (AeJAMH) 3:36–43
Dodge KA (1991) The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In: Pepler DJ, Rubin KH (eds) The development and treatment of childhood aggression. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 201–218
Fite PJ, Rathert J, Colder CR, Lochman JE, Wells KC (2010) Proactive and reactive aggression. In: Levesque RJR (ed) Encyclopedia of adolescence. Springer, Berlin
Crick NR, Dodge KA (1996) Social information-processing mechanisms on reactive and proactive aggression. Child Dev 67:993–1002
Dodge KA, Coie JD (1987) Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. J Pers Soc Psychol 53:1146–1158
Fite PJ, Stoppelbein L, Greening L (2009) Proactive and reactive aggression in a child psychiatric inpatient population: relations to psychopathic characteristics. Crim Justice Behav 36:481–493
Kempes M, Matthys W, de Vries H, van Engeland H (2005) Reactive and proactive aggression in children: a review of theory, findings and the relevance for child and adolescent psychiatry. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14:11–19
Poulin F, Boivin M (2000) Reactive and proactive aggression: evidence of a two-factor model. Psychol Assess 12:115–122
Vitaro F, Brendgen M (2012) Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: etiologies, development, and consequences. Antisocial behavior and crime: contributions of developmental and evaluation research to prevention and intervention. Hogrefe, Cambridge, MA, pp 17–38
Card NA, Little TD (2007) Longitudinal modeling of developmental processes. Int J Behav Dev 31:297–302
Frick PJ, Christian RE, Wooton JM (1999) Age trends in association between parenting practices and conduct problems. Behav Modif 23:106–128
Tung I, Li JJ, Lee SS (2012) Child sex moderates the association between negative parenting and childhood conduct problems. Aggress Behav 38:239–251
Boeldt DL, Rhee SH, DiLalla LF, Mullineaux PY, Schulz-Heik RJ, Corley RP et al (2012) The association between positive parenting and externalizing behaviour. Infant Child Dev 21:85–106
Gardner FE (1989) Inconsistent parenting: Is there evidence for a link with children’s conduct problems? J Abnorm Child Psychol 17:223–233
Stormshak EA, Bierman KL, McMahon RJ, Lengua LJ (2000) Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school. J Clin Child Psychol 29:17–29
Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Lavoie F (2001) Reactive and proactive aggression: predictions to physical violence in different contexts and moderating effects of parental monitoring and caregiving behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 29:293–304
Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA (2001) Manual for ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Achenbach TM (1991) Manual for the child behavior check-list/4–18 and 1991 profile. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Shelton KK, Frick PJ, Wootton J (1996) Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children. J Clin Child Psychol 25:317–329
Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS (2003) Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 3rd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Schroeder JF, Hood MM, Hughes HM (2010) Inter-parent agreement on the syndrome scales of the child behavior checklist (CBCL): correspondence and discrepancies. J Child Fam Stud 19:646–653
Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
Patterson GR, Dishion TJ, Bank L (1984) Family interaction: a process model of deviancy training. Aggress Behav 10:253–267
Patterson GR (1982) Coercive family process. Castalia, Eugene, OR
Fite PJ, Colder CR, Lochman JE, Wells KC (2006) The mutual influence of parenting and boys’ externalizing behavior problems. J Appl Dev Psychol 27:151–164
MacKenzie EP, Fite PJ, Bates JE (2004) Predicting outcome in behavioral parent training: expected and unexpected results. Child Fam Behav Ther 26:37–53
Lochman JE, Wells KC (2004) The coping power program for preadolescent aggressive boys and their parents: outcome effects at the 1-year follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol 72:571–578
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pederson, C.A., Fite, P.J. The Impact of Parenting on the Associations Between Child Aggression Subtypes and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 45, 728–735 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0441-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0441-y