Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), a xylem restricting disease of pine trees. PWN, a native of North America where it very rarely kills native pine trees, has spread internationally killing host trees in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Portugal, with isolated incursions into Spain. Based on the locations where tree mortality has been recorded, it appears that pine trees growing in hot, dry conditions are more susceptible to pine wilt disease. This paper describes the ETpN model, an evapo-transpiration model (previously developed by Forest Research), which has been modified to incorporate the presence of PWN inside a tree and which predicts the regions of Europe that are likely to succumb to PWD. ETpN acts independently of the vector beetle (Monochamus spp.), predicting the likelihood of PWD on the assumption that a tree in a particular region has already been infested by the pine wood nematode. Different regions across Europe are included to investigate and demonstrate how different climates affect PWD incidence significantly. Simplified, “lite” and latency models have been developed to allow a non-specialist user to determine respectively the risk of PWD at a particular location and the likelihood of delays (latency) in expression of wilt symptoms.
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Acknowledgments
This research was part-funded under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement no. 265483 (REPHRAME) with match funding by the Forestry Commission. We thank Catia Arcangeli\(^{\dagger }\) for her valuable advice and suggestions during the editing process, Timothy Randle\(^{\dagger }\) for his valuable advice throughout the project, and Paul Henshall\(^{\dagger }\) for assisting with programming. \(^{\dagger }\)Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH. The authors also acknowledge the E-OBS dataset from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES (http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com) and the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://www.ecad.eu)
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Gruffudd, H.R., Jenkins, T.A.R. & Evans, H.F. Using an evapo-transpiration model (ETpN) to predict the risk and expression of symptoms of pine wilt disease (PWD) across Europe . Biol Invasions 18, 2823–2840 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1173-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1173-7