Abstract
The Australian tree Melaleuca quinquenervia is an invasive weed in wetland systems of Florida, USA. A biological control program targeting M. quinquenervia resulted in the simultaneous release of the gall-fly Fergusonina turneri and the nematode Fergusobia quinquenerviae. Fergusonina (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) flies are gall formers that exploit plants in the Myrtaceae through a mutualistic association with nematodes in the genus Fergusobia (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae). With a limited number of founding individuals, a risk-spreading release strategy was employed in 2005 by liberating a total of 1996 adult flies across seven locations in southern Florida. However, all release efforts failed to establish a viable population at any of the sites despite variation in location. In an effort to increase founding population size and improve phenological synchrony, 1,432 individual flies and associated nematodes were released within a single M. quinquenervia stand during the early winter months of 2006–2007. The population of F. turneri and F. quinquenerviae persisted at the field site for between two and three generations and, in accordance with the ca. 2-month generation time, emergence of F generation flies peaked in March, May and July 2007. Population growth rate increased with each succeeding generation up to the F3, after which the population went extinct. Both the F1 and F2 generations expanded spatially when compared to the distribution of their respective parental generations. The field population failed to spread after the F2 generation, with F3 generation galls found entirely within the spatial distribution of F2 galls. The release of F. turneri and F. quinquenerviae represent the first obligate mutualism used in weed biological control. Factors contributing to the failure of these species to establish are discussed.
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Acknowledgments
We thank two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Bradley Brown and Jeff Makinson (CSIRO) were instrumental in collecting the biological control agents in Australia and shipping them to quarantine facilities. Gary Taylor (CSIRO) provided taxonomic confirmation of adult F. turneri. We also thank James Lollis and Deah Lieurance for assistance with colony rearing and data collection. We are indebted to Deah Lieurance, Willey Durden, Eileen Pokorny, Jorge Leidi, Kirsten Dyer, Elizabeth Mattison, and Karen Balentine for assistance with surveys at release locations. This research was supported, in part, by grants from the South Florida Water Management District, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, and the USDA Areawide Melaleuca Demonstration Program. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider.
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Pratt, P.D., Blackwood, S., Wright, S.A. et al. The release and unsuccessful establishment of the Melaleuca biological control agent Fergusonina turneri and its mutualistic nematode Fergusobia quinquenerviae . BioControl 58, 553–561 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9505-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9505-3