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Extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung beim akuten Lungenversagen

Besondere Berücksichtigung pädiatrischer Patienten

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute lung failure

Special emphasis on pediatric patients

  • Leitthema
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Der Pneumologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung (ECMO) ist eine lebensrettende Technik für Patienten mit akutem Lungenversagen, bei denen eine maximale konventionelle Therapie nicht mehr ausreicht.

Fragestellung

Dieser Beitrag behandelt das Management, die Auswahlkriterien und Komplikationen der ECMO-Therapie beim akuten Lungenversagen. Dabei wird besonders auf die Ursachen des Lungenversagens und deren prognostische Bedeutung eingegangen. Die Besonderheiten der verschiedenen Altersklassen vom Neugeborenen bis Erwachsenen werden verglichen und aufgezeigt.

Ergebnisse

Bei Neugeborenen gewinnt die ECMO zusätzlich zur Behandlung erworbener Atemstörungen, auch bei angeborenen Erkrankungen wie der Zwerchfellhernie zunehmend an Bedeutung. Damit unterscheiden sich Neugeborene von allen anderen Altersgruppen. Bei älteren Kindern und Erwachsenen ähneln sich die Ursachen, die zur ECMO-Therapie führen. Häufigste Ursache ist hier die Pneumonie. Die besten Überlebensraten weisen Neugeborene und Säuglinge auf. Negative prognostische Faktoren sind eine schwere Hypoxie vor ECMO, eine lange traumatische Beatmung vor ECMO sowie vorhandene Komorbiditäten. Die wichtigsten Komplikationen führen vor allem zu neurologischen und respiratorischen Störungen, die in der Nachsorge besonders berücksichtigt werden müssen.

Schlussfolgerung

Der Stellenwert der ECMO-Therapie als Ultima Ratio bei kritischem akuten Lungenversagen gilt als gefestigt. Die Erfolgsraten variieren je nach Alter der Patienten und Ursachen des Lungenversagens. Überlebensrate und Qualität hängen im besonderen Maße auch von der Erfahrung des ECMO-Zentrums ab. In der Nachsorge ist eine enge Zusammenarbeit der Ärzte vor Ort mit dem betreuenden ECMO-Zentrum hilfreich.

Abstract

Background

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving technique for patients with acute lung failure when the maximum use of conventional therapy is no longer sufficient.

Objectives

This article deals with the selection criteria, management and complications of ECMO therapy in acute lung failure. Special emphasis is placed on the causes of lung failure and their prognostic value. The characteristic features of the different age groups from newborns to adults are compared and discussed.

Results

Besides acquired respiratory diseases as the classical ECMO indications, there is a shift towards congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborns needing ECMO. In this aspect newborns therefore differ from all other age groups. In older children and adults, the causes leading to ECMO are similar with pneumonia as the main cause. Survival rates are still best in newborns and infants. Important negative prognostic factors are severe hypoxia prior to ECMO, long-lasting traumatic ventilation before ECMO and the presence of comorbidities. The most important complications mainly lead to neurological and respiratory disorders and special attention must be paid to these aspects in follow-up treatment.

Conclusion

The ECMO treatment is an established salvage therapy in acute lung injury in all age groups. Success rates vary depending on the age of patients and the causes of lung failure. Survival rates and quality are particularly dependent on the experience of the ECMO center. A close cooperation of the on-site medical team with the ECMO center is recommended in follow-up treatment.

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Correspondence to S. Demirakca.

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Interessenkonflikt

S. Demirakca und T. Schaible geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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O. Karg, Gauting

M. Rose, Frankfurt/Main

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Demirakca, S., Schaible, T. Extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung beim akuten Lungenversagen. Pneumologe 13, 400–405 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-016-0067-9

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