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Mineralogy of Arctic bryozoan skeletons in a global context

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Abstract

Bryozoans are major carbonate producers in some ancient and Recent benthic environments, including parts of the Arctic Ocean. Seventy-six species of bryozoans from within the Arctic Circle have been studied using XRD to determine their carbonate mineralogies and the Mg content of the calcite. The majority of species were found to be calcitic, only four having bimineralic skeletons that combined calcite and aragonite, and none being entirely aragonitic. In almost all species, the calcite was of the low- (<4 mol% MgCO3) or intermediate-Mg (4–11.99 mol% MgCO3) varieties. Previous regional studies of bryozoan biomineralogy have found higher proportions of bimineralic and/or aragonitic species in New Zealand and the Mediterranean, with a greater number of calcitic species employing intermediate- and high-Mg calcite. The Antarctic bryozoan fauna, however, has a similar mineralogical composition to the Arctic. The lesser solubility of low-Mg calcite compared to both Mg calcite and aragonite in cold polar waters is most likely responsible for this latitudinal pattern. However, it is unknown to what extent environmental factors drive the pattern directly through eliciting an ecophenotypic response from the bryozoans concerned or the pattern reflects genetic adaptations by particular bryozoan clades.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Caroline Kirk and Gordon Cressey for help with XRD and mineralogical data analysis. The authors would also like to thank Bjorn Berning and an anonymous reviewer for comments leading to an improved manuscript. The study has been completed thanks to the financial support to from the EU programmes BRYOARC and DYNARC, as well as a grant from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (NN304 270434) to PK.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81 712, Sopot, Poland

    P. Kuklinski

  2. Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    P. Kuklinski & P. D. Taylor

Authors
  1. P. Kuklinski
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Kuklinski.

Appendix

Appendix

Mineralogy and mole percentage of Mg in the skeletons of the Arctic bryozoan species analysed for this study. All species belong to the order Cheilostomata except for those indicated by an asterisk which are Cyclostomata (n.a.—data not available).

 

Species name

Locality

Latitude

Longitude

Depth (m)

Aragonite %

Mol% MgCO3

Amphiblestrum trifolium (Wood, 1844)

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

4.47

Arctonula arctica (Sars, 1851)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

0

Bidenkapia spitsbergensis (Bidenkap, 1897)

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

1.46

Buffonellaria arctica (Berning and Kuklinski, 2008)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

12

0

7.44

Bugulopsis peachi (Busk, 1851)

Chukchi Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

3.41

Callopora craticula (Alder, 1856)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

0.1

Callopora craticula (Alder, 1856)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

0.51

Callopora smitti (Kluge, 1946)

Spitsbergen

76°40′N

15°40′E

n.a.

0

3.82

Carbasea carbasea (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

7.13

Cauloramphus sp.

Laptev Sea

74°30.0′N

137°05.0′E

22

0

0.92

Cauloramphus intermedius (Kluge, 1962)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

4.26

Celleporina nordenskjoldi (Kluge, 1929)

Laptev Sea

74°30.0′N

137°05.0′E

22

0

2.49

Celleporina surcularis (Packard, 1863)—base

Spitsbergen

79°01.0′N

11°31.8′E

~200

0

4.84

Celleporina surcularis (Packard, 1863)—tip

Spitsbergen

79°01.0′N

11°31.8′E

~200

0

3.92

Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus, 1767)

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

0

Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus, 1767)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–36

0

0

Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus, 1767)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–37

0

0

Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus, 1767)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–38

0

0

Cheilopora sincera (Smitt, 1867)

Laptev Sea

74°24.5′N

131°01.3′E

30

0

3.78

Cheilopora sincera (Smitt, 1867)

Laptev Sea

75°48.9′N

134°23.2′E

43

0

0.23

Cheilopora sincera (Smitt, 1867)

Laptev Sea

74°30.0′N

137°05.0′E

22

0

1.16

Cribrilina annulata (Fabricius, 1780)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

6.82

Cribrilina annulata (Fabricius, 1780)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

6.51

Cribrilina cryptooecium (Norman, 1903)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

4.57

Cribrilina cryptooecium (Norman, 1903)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

4.6

Cribrilina cryptooecium (Norman, 1903)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

3.75

Cribrilina spitzbergensis (Norman, 1903)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

3.82

Cylindroporella tubulosa (Norman, 1868)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

4.98

Cylindroporella tubulosa (Norman, 1868)

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

4.09

Cylindroporella tubulosa (Norman, 1868)

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

3.34

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

6.45

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)

Laptev Sea

74°29.9′N

139°41.3′E

25

0

5.39

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)

Laptev Sea

74°18.3′N

129°32.6′E

44

0

0.68

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—base

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

3.89

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—tip

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

4.06

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—base

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

5.8

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—base

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

4.91

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—base

Laptev Sea

74°30.0′N

137°05.0′E

22

0

3.48

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—tip

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

6.04

Cystisella saccata (Busk, 1856)—tip

Laptev Sea

74°30.0′N

137°05.0′E

22

0

3.13

Dendrobeania fruticosa (Packard, 1863)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

5.32

Dendrobeania murrayana (Johnston, 1847)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

6

0

3.17

Doryporella spathulifera (Smitt, 1868)

Spitsbergen

79°32′N

18°46′E

20

0

1.97

Einhornia arctica (Borg, 1931)

Spitsbergen

79°03′N

11°39′E

10

0

4.47

Einhornia arctica (Borg, 1931)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

6

0

5.39

Escharella sp.

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

6

0

4.19

Escharella sp.

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

6

0

4.09

Escharoides jacksoni (Waters, 1900)

Laptev Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

4.33

Eucratea loricata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

6

0

6.38

Eucratea loricata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

6

0

6.31

Eucratea loricata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Laptev Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

5.9

Eucratea loricata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Laptev Sea

73°29.9′N

131°39.9′E

25

0

3.82

Eucratea loricata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Laptev Sea

74°29.9′N

139°41.3′E

25

0

2.42

Flustra nordenskjoldi (Kluge, 1929)

Bering Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

3.31

Flustra serrulata (Busk, 1878)

Laptev Sea

75°48.9′N

134°23.2′E

43

0

5.97

Flustra serrulata (Busk, 1878)

Laptev Sea

74°24.5′N

131°01.3′E

30

0

5.35

Flustra serrulata (Busk, 1878)

Laptev Sea

75°18.3′N

129°32.6′E

44

0

3.13

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

1.39

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

1.36

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

1.74

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Spitsbergen

76°56′N

15°48′E

6

0

5.05

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–36

0

1.09

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–36

0

0.68

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–36

0

1.16

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

5.35

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

5.56

Harmeria scutulata (Busk, 1855)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

6.41

*Heteropora pelliculata (Waters, 1879)

Bering Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

1.26

Hincksipora spinulifera (Hincks, 1889)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

6.96

Hincksipora spinulifera (Hincks, 1889)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

5.76

Hincksipora spinulifera (Hincks, 1889)

Spitsbergen

79°32′N

18°46′E

n.a.

0

6.31

Hippodiplosia ussowi (Kluge, 1908)

Barents Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

5.9

Hippoporella hippopus (Smitt, 1867)

Spitsbergen

79°32′N

18°46′E

20

0

6.48

Hippoporella hippopus (Smitt, 1867)

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

4.26

Hippoporella hippopus (Smitt, 1867)

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

4.5

Hippothoa arctica (Kluge, 1906)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

0

Hippothoa arctica (Kluge, 1906)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

0

Hippothoa expansa (Dawson, 1859)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

0.54

*Hornera lichenoides (Linneaus, 1758)

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

5.01

*Idmidronea atlantica (Forbes in Johnston, 1847)

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

3.31

Lepraliodes nordlandica (Nordgaard, 1905)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

10.37

4.84

Lepraliodes nordlandica (Nordgaard, 1905)

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

8.16

7.4

Lepraliella contigua (Smitt, 1868)

Spitsbergen

79°32′N

18°46′E

20

0

6.82

*Lichenoporid sp.

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

2.52

*Lichenoporid sp.

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

4.09

*Lichenoporid sp.

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

3.48

Microporella klugei (Kuklinski and Taylor, 2008)

Spitsbergen

78°11′N

15°08′E

12

0

6.38

Microporella klugei (Kuklinski and Taylor, 2008)

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

3.78

Microporella klugei (Kuklinski and Taylor, 2008)

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

3.34

Microporella arctica (Norman, 1903)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′

10

0

4.3

Myriapora orientalis (Kluge, 1929)

Bering Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

0.75

Myriapora subgracilis (d’Orbigny, 1852)—base

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

4.16

Myriapora subgracilis (d’Orbigny, 1852)—tip

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

3.27

Myriozoella costata (Kluge, 1962)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

4.53

Myriozoella costata (Kluge, 1962)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

4.36

Myriozoella costata (Kluge, 1962)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

5.35

Myriozoella costata (Kluge, 1962)

Spitsbergen

79°32′N

18°46′E

20

0

2.86

Myriozoella crustacea (Smitt, 1868)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

2.86

*Oncousoecia canadensis (Osburn, 1933)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

5.76

Pachyegis princeps (Norman, 1903)

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

7.21

8.87

Pachyegis princeps (Norman, 1903)

East-Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

17.39

6.99

Pachyegis princeps (Norman, 1903)

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

8.91

6.82

Parasmittina “trispinosa” (Johnston, 1838)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

11°58′E

10

10.57 ?

6.79

Parasmittina “trispinosa” (Johnston, 1838)

Spitsbergen

79°N

11°E

n.a.

0

4.47

Parasmittina “trispinosa” (Johnston, 1838)

Spitsbergen

79°N

11°E

n.a.

0

5.53

Porella proboscidea (Hincks, 1888)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

n.a.

0

1.63

Porella sp.

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

7.47

Posterula sarsi (Smitt, 1867)—base

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

8.7

Posterula sarsi (Smitt, 1867)—tip

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

5.56

Pseudoflustra birulai (Kluge, 1929)

Kara Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

4.53

Pseudoflustra solida (Stimpson, 1854)

Kara Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

3.82

Pseudoflustra solida (Stimpson, 1854)

Kara Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

4.67

Raymondcia bella (Busk, 1860)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

11.76

8.08

Raymondcia bella (Busk, 1860)

Spitsbergen

79°32′N

18°46′E

n.a.

12.87

7.44

Raymondcia rigida (Lorenz, 1886)

Spitsbergen

79°01.8′N

11°49.8′E

10

0

6.82

Raymondcia rigida (Lorenz, 1886)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

5.8

Raymondcia rigida (Lorenz, 1886)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

3.78

Reteporella beaniana (King, 1846)

Northern Norway

71°N

25°E

n.a.

0

5.69

Reteporella cellulosa (Linneaus, 1767)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

4.7

Rhamphostomella costata (Lorenz, 1886)

Spitsbergen

79°01.8′N

11°49.8′E

10

0

3.58

Rhamphostomella costata (Lorenz, 1886)

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

3.17

Rhamphostomella costata (Lorenz, 1886)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–36

0

1.8

Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868)

Spitsbergen

77°N

15°E

n.a.

0

3.92

Schizoporella pachystega Kluge, 1929

Spitsbergen

78°10′N

14°40′E

~100

0

5.69

Schizoporella pachystega (Kluge, 1929)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

5.8

Schizoporella perforata (Kluge, 1952)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

4.98

Schizoporella stylifera (Levinsen, 1887)

Spitsbergen

78°59′N

10°58′E

210

0

7.84

Scrupocellaria arctica (Busk, 1855)

Spitsbergen

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

3.41

Scrupocellaria orientalis (Kluge, 1955)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

2.93

Securiflustra securifrons (Pallas, 1766)

Spitsbergen

79°01′N

11°49′E

~50

0

6.48

Semibugula birulai (Kluge, 1929)

Chukchi Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

0

Septentriopora karasi (Kuklinski and Taylor, 2006)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

4.57

Smittina minuscula (Smitt, 1868)

Spitsbergen

79°03′N

11°39′E

n.a.

0

3.75

Smittina minuscula (Smitt, 1868)

Spitsbergen

79°03′N

11°39′E

n.a.

0

2.66

Stomachetosella cruenta (Busk, 1854)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

6.86

Stomachetosella cruenta (Busk, 1854)

Spitsbergen

76°57′N

15°55′E

12

0

3.54

Stomachetosella cruenta (Busk, 1854)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

5.11

Tegella arctica (d’Orbigny, 1853)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

4.43

Tegella arctica (d’Orbigny, 1853)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

0.98

Tegella arctica (d’Orbigny, 1853)

Greenland

73°20′N

54°20′W

11–36

0

0

Tegella cf. unicornis (Fleming, 1828)

Laptev Sea

74°29.8′N

134°03.2′E

30

0

0.44

Tegella cf. unicornis (Fleming, 1828)

Laptev Sea

74°29.8′N

134°03.2′E

30

0

3.41

Tegella cf. unicornis (Fleming, 1828)

Laptev Sea

74°29.9′N

139°41.3′E

25

0

2.35

Tricellaria ternata (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

2.28

Tricellaria ternata (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Spitsbergen

78°59.5′N

11°58.9′E

10

0

3.03

Tricellaria ternata (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Spitsbergen

78°15′N

13°55′E

n.a.

0

3.85

*Tubulipora fructuosa (Gostilovskaya, 1955)

White Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

1.09

*Tubulipora soluta (Kluge, 1946)

Kara Sea

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0

4.02

Umbonula littoralis (Hastings, 1944)

Northern Norway

69°49′N

19°00′E

1

0

6.92

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Kuklinski, P., Taylor, P.D. Mineralogy of Arctic bryozoan skeletons in a global context. Facies 55, 489–500 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-009-0179-3

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