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Montane birds shift downslope despite recent warming in the northern Appalachian Mountains

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Abstract

Montane regions support distinct animal and plant communities that are widely viewed as communities of high conservation concern due to their significant contribution to regional biodiversity. These communities are also thought to be particularly vulnerable to anthropogenically caused stressors such as climate change, which is generally expected to cause upward shifts and potential range restrictions in montane plant and animal distributions. In the northern Appalachian Mountains of North America, not only is it becoming warmer at mid-elevations but the ecotone between the northern hardwood and the montane coniferous forests is also shifting. Therefore, species that are limited by climate or habitat along the elevational gradient of mountains may also be experiencing distributional shifts. We studied birds along replicate elevational gradients in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA, from 1993 to 2009 and used mixed effects models to estimate the rate of elevational change to test the hypothesis that northern hardwood forest- and montane forest-dependent birds are shifting upslope, consistent with climate change predictions. As predicted, the upper elevational boundary of 9 out of 16 low-elevation species showed evidence of shifting upslope an average of 99 m over the course of the study period. Contrary to our expectations, 9 out of 11 high-elevation species had lower elevational boundaries that shifted downslope an average of 19 m. The opposing elevational shifts of two distinct and adjacent bird communities is, to our knowledge, unprecedented and highlights the need for caution when applying conventional expectations to species’ responses to climate change.

Zusammenfassung

Trotz aktueller Erwärmung verlagern Gebirgsvögel in den nördlichen Appalachen ihr Vorkommen hangabwärts

Bergregionen beherbergen besondere Tier- und Pflanzengemeinschaften, die aufgrund ihres erheblichen Beitrags zur regionalen Biodiversität weithin als Gesellschaften mit hohem Schutzbedarf betrachtet werden. Diese Artengemeinschaften gelten auch als besonders anfällig für anthropogen verursachte Stressfaktoren wie den Klimawandel, von dem allgemein angenommen wird, dass er Verschiebungen in höhere Lagen und potenzielle Beschränkungen des Verbreitungsgebietes für Gebirgspflanzen und -tiere verursacht. In den nördlichen Appalachen Nordamerikas wird es nicht nur in den mittleren Höhenlagen wärmer, sondern auch der Ökoton zwischen nördlichen Hartholzwäldern und Bergnadelwäldern verschiebt sich. Daher könnte sich auch die Verbreitung von Arten, welche durch Klima oder Habitat entlang des Gebirgshöhengradienten Beschränkungen unterliegen, verändern. Zwischen 1993 und 2003 untersuchten wir Vögel entlang vergleichbarer Höhengradienten in den White Mountains in New Hampshire, USA, und verwendeten gemischte Modelle zur Schätzung der Höhenänderungsrate, um die Hypothese zu überprüfen, dass Vögel, die auf nördliche Hartholzwälder und Bergwälder angewiesen sind, sich gemäß den Vorhersagen zum Klimawandel hangaufwärts verlagern. Entsprechend den Vorhersagen verschob sich die obere Höhengrenze bei neun von 16 Tieflandarten im Laufe des Untersuchungszeitraumes im Schnitt um 99 m hangaufwärts. Anders als erwartet wiesen neun von elf Hochgebirgsarten niedrigere Höhengrenzen auf, die sich im Schnitt um 19 m hangabwärts verschoben hatten. Die entgegen gerichtete Höhenverschiebung zweier distinkter und benachbarter Vogelgesellschaften ist unseres Wissens nach beispiellos und betont, wie wichtig es ist, bei der Annahme gängiger Erwartungen bezüglich der Reaktion einer Art auf den Klimawandel Vorsicht walten zu lassen.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the White Mountain National Forest and the US Forest Service Northern Research Station for financial support. We are particularly thankful for the efforts of Leighlan Prout in providing access to the data and sampling protocols. We are grateful to Toni Lyn Morelli and Joel Ralston for insightful reviews of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to William V. DeLuca.

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Communicated by C. G. Guglielmo.

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DeLuca, W.V., King, D.I. Montane birds shift downslope despite recent warming in the northern Appalachian Mountains. J Ornithol 158, 493–505 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1414-7

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