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No evidence for effects of formalin storage duration or solvent medium exposure on avian sperm morphology

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Abstract

Morphometric analysis of avian spermatozoa from sperm samples preserved in formalin is a frequently adopted procedure in basic science (e.g. evolutionary ecology) and applied disciplines (e.g. animal breeding). Many research questions such as individual-based longitudinal studies of sperm traits require comparisons of formalin-stored sperm samples collected across multiple sampling events, which may be separated by years. Such analyses presuppose that prolonged storage in formalin does not affect sperm morphology, an assumption often implicitly made in the analysis of avian sperm morphology. This assumption, however, has never been tested, although for many study designs a potential effect of sperm storage duration may well confound the focal analysis. Based on pairwise comparisons of 22 experimental ejaculates from three passerine bird species, we found no evidence that differential storage duration of more than 1 year had affected the total length of spermatozoa stored in a 5 % formaldehyde solution. This suggests that formalin-stored sperm samples from long-term studies or museum collections can be merged in combined analyses without confounding differential storage duration with natural between-year variation in sperm dimensions or age effects in longitudinal studies. Based on pairwise comparisons of 29 split ejaculates, we also found no evidence that spermatozoa differed in length when solved initially in either phosphate buffered saline or Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, a standard medium for videotaping live sperm, prior to preservation and storage in formalin. Sperm samples treated differently in this respect may thus be merged into combined analyses, too.

Zusammenfassung

Lagerungsdauer in Formalin und unterschiedliche Puffermedien haben keine nachweisbaren Effekte auf die Morphologie von Vogelspermien

Die morphometrische Analyse von Vogelspermien basierend auf formalin-fixiertem Probenmaterial ist eine häufig angewandte Methode in der Grundlagenforschung (z. B. in der evolutionären Ökologie) und in angewandten Disziplinen (z. B. Tierzucht). Viele Fragestellungen wie zum Beispiel individuen-basierte, longitudinale Studien von Spermienmerkmalen erfordern Vergleiche zwischen formalin-fixierten Proben, die zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten gesammelt wurden, die u. U. Jahre auseinander liegen. Solche Analysen setzen voraus, dass eine längere Lagerung der Proben in Formalin die Spermienmorphologie nicht beeinflusst. Diese Annahme wurde häufig implizit bei der Analyse von Vogelspermien gemacht, allerdings nie getestet, obschon für viele Studiendesigns Effekte der Lagerungsdauer sehr wohl die geplante Analyse verfälschen könnten. Basierend auf 22 experimentellen Ejakulaten von drei Singvogelarten konnten wir keine Hinweise darauf finden, dass unterschiedliche Lagerungsdauern von mehr als einem Jahr die Länge von Spermien beeinflusst haben, die in einer 5 % igen Formaldehyd-Lösung gelagert wurden. Daher können formalin-fixierte Spermienproben von Langzeitstudien oder aus Museumssammlungen in kombinierten Analysen zusammengeführt werden ohne zu riskieren, dass unterschiedliche Lagerungsdauern natürliche Variation zwischen Studienjahren oder Alterseffekte in longitudinalen Analysen verfälschen. Basierend auf 29 experimentellen Ejakulaten, die geteilt wurden, konnten wir auch keinen Hinweis darauf finden, dass sich Spermien in ihrer Länge unterschieden, wenn sie vor Fixierung und Lagerung in Formalin entweder in phosphat-gepufferter Saline (PBS) oder in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), einem Standardmedium zur Videoanalyse lebender Spermien, gelöst wurden. Daher können auch diesbezüglich unterschiedlich behandelte Spermienproben in kombinierten Analysen zusammengeführt werden.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Maria Rusche, Nikolas Vellnow, Janine Koch, Thomas Lubjuhn, and Vera Brust for assistance in the field, Renate Feist for sperm photography and Gianmarco Crapa for morphometry of sperm samples used for the solvent medium comparison. Thanks to Tomáš Albrecht and to anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This work conforms to the legal requirements of Germany and was supported by a Forschungs- und Innovationsförderung (FIF) grant of Bielefeld University’s Faculty of Biology to TS.

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Correspondence to Tim Schmoll.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Schmoll, T., Sanciprian, R. & Kleven, O. No evidence for effects of formalin storage duration or solvent medium exposure on avian sperm morphology. J Ornithol 157, 647–652 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1321-3

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