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Annual cycle and migration strategies of a habitat specialist, the Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris, revealed by geolocators

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Abstract

Habitat specialist species occupy narrow ecological niches, typically utilizing similar habitat types throughout the annual cycle. Their strict requirements for specific habitats may make them vulnerable to environmental changes, especially in small, local populations. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the species’ ecology is crucial for conservation purposes. In this study, we used light-level geolocators to identify migration routes and non-breeding areas of a distinct specialist for dry habitats, the Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris, from a currently declining central European breeding population. During autumn and spring migration, the majority of the birds followed a route along the northwest of the Alps and via the Iberian Peninsula, with stopover sites mainly in northern Africa. In each migration season, however, one of two different individuals took a detour around the eastern side of the Alps. When crossing the main ecological barrier, the Sahara Desert, three of six birds followed the Atlantic coastline in autumn, whereas all five birds migrated near the coast in spring. Non-breeding areas of all tracked pipits were uniformly located in the Western Sahel, with five of six birds utilizing two main non-breeding sites, the second of which was always located west of the first. On average, the tracked birds spent 48 % of the year at the non-breeding areas, 27 % on migration, and 25 % at the breeding site. Our findings demonstrate strong migratory connectivity in Tawny Pipits which may have future implications for conservation of this long-distance migrant.

Zusammenfassung

Jahreszyklus und Zugstrategien des Brachpiepers als Habitatspezialisten mit Hilfe von Geolokatoren offengelegt

Habitatspezialisten weisen enge ökologische Nischen auf und nutzen während des gesamten Jahres weitestgehend ähnliche Habitate. Solch ein enger Anspruch an einen Habitattyp könnte die betreffende Art, insbesondere kleine, lokale Populationen, angreifbar für Umweltveränderung machen. Ein fundiertes Wissen zur Ökologie solcher Arten ist demnach ausschlaggebend für gezielte Schutzmassnahmen. In der vorliegenden Studie verwendeten wir Geolokatoren, um die Zugrouten und Aufenthaltsgebiete außerhalb der Brutzeit des an Trockenhabitate gebundenen Brachpiepers Anthus campestris zu identifizieren, die aus einer rückläufigen mitteleuropäischen Brutpopulation stammten. Die Mehrzahl der Vögel nutzte auf dem Herbst- und Frühlingszug eine Flugroute nordwestlich der Alpen über die Iberische Halbinsel mit Rastplätzen in Nordafrika. Jedoch flog in jeder Zugsaison ein jeweils anderes Individuum einen Umweg um die Alpen östlich zu umgehen. Die Sahara als grosse ökologische Barriere wurde im Herbst von drei der sechs Vögel entlang der Atlantik-Küste überquert, während im Frühling alle Vögel diesen Weg nahmen. Alle untersuchten Pieper überwinterten in der westlichen Sahelzone. Fünf der sechs Vögel nutzten dabei zwei getrennte Überwinterungsplätze, wobei der zweite Aufenthaltsort jeweils westlich vom ersten lag. Die untersuchten Pieper verbrachten 48 % des Jahres in ihrem Überwinterungsquartier, 27 % auf dem Zug und 25 % der Zeit am Brutplatz. Unsere Ergebnisse belegen für den Brachpieper eine starke Zugkonnektivität, die Konsequenzen für zukünftige Schutzmaßnahmen haben könnte.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Michal Porteš and Tomáš Koutný for their help with field work. We thank two referees and Daniel Hanley for their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This study was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (Grant #13-06451S) and in part by Palacký University grant scheme (IGA_PRF). The study complies with the current laws of the Czech Republic.

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Correspondence to Martins Briedis.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Briedis, M., Beran, V., Hahn, S. et al. Annual cycle and migration strategies of a habitat specialist, the Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris, revealed by geolocators. J Ornithol 157, 619–626 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1313-3

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